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=head1 NAME IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::File; $fh = IO::File->new(); if ($fh->open("< file")) { print <$fh>; $fh->close; } $fh = IO::File->new("> file"); if (defined $fh) { print $fh "bar\n"; $fh->close; } $fh = IO::File->new("file", "r"); if (defined $fh) { print <$fh>; undef $fh; # automatically closes the file } $fh = IO::File->new("file", O_WRONLY|O_APPEND); if (defined $fh) { print $fh "corge\n"; $pos = $fh->getpos; $fh->setpos($pos); undef $fh; # automatically closes the file } autoflush STDOUT 1; =head1 DESCRIPTION C inherits from C and C. It extends these classes with methods that are specific to file handles. =head1 CONSTRUCTOR =over 4 =item new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ) Creates an C. If it receives any parameters, they are passed to the method C; if the open fails, the object is destroyed. Otherwise, it is returned to the caller. =item new_tmpfile Creates an C opened for read/write on a newly created temporary file. On systems where this is possible, the temporary file is anonymous (i.e. it is unlinked after creation, but held open). If the temporary file cannot be created or opened, the C object is destroyed. Otherwise, it is returned to the caller. =back =head1 METHODS =over 4 =item open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ) =item open( FILENAME, IOLAYERS ) C accepts one, two or three parameters. With one parameter, it is just a front end for the built-in C function. With two or three parameters, the first parameter is a filename that may include whitespace or other special characters, and the second parameter is the open mode, optionally followed by a file permission value. If C receives a Perl mode string ("E", "+E", etc.) or an ANSI C fopen() mode string ("w", "r+", etc.), it uses the basic Perl C operator (but protects any special characters). If C is given a numeric mode, it passes that mode and the optional permissions value to the Perl C operator. The permissions default to 0666. If C is given a mode that includes the C<:> character, it passes all the three arguments to the three-argument C operator. For convenience, C exports the O_XXX constants from the Fcntl module, if this module is available. =item binmode( [LAYER] ) C sets C on the underlying C object, as documented in C. C accepts one optional parameter, which is the layer to be passed on to the C call. =back =head1 NOTE Some operating systems may perform C or C on a directory without errors. This behavior is not portable and not suggested for use. Using C and C or C are suggested instead. =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L, L, L =head1 HISTORY Derived from FileHandle.pm by Graham Barr EFE. =cut use 5.006_001; use strict; our($VERSION, @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK, @ISA); use Carp; use Symbol; use SelectSaver; use IO::Seekable; require Exporter; @ISA = qw(IO::Handle IO::Seekable Exporter); $VERSION = "1.16"; @EXPORT = @IO::Seekable::EXPORT; eval { # Make all Fcntl O_XXX constants available for importing require Fcntl; my @O = grep /^O_/, @Fcntl::EXPORT; Fcntl->import(@O); # first we import what we want to export push(@EXPORT, @O); }; ################################################ ## Constructor ## sub new { my $type = shift; my $class = ref($type) || $type || "IO::File"; @_ >= 0 && @_ <= 3 or croak "usage: $class->new([FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]]])"; my $fh = $class->SUPER::new(); if (@_) { $fh->open(@_) or return undef; } $fh; } ################################################ ## Open ## sub open { @_ >= 2 && @_ <= 4 or croak 'usage: $fh->open(FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]])'; my ($fh, $file) = @_; if (@_ > 2) { my ($mode, $perms) = @_[2, 3]; if ($mode =~ /^\d+$/) { defined $perms or $perms = 0666; return sysopen($fh, $file, $mode, $perms); } elsif ($mode =~ /:/) { return open($fh, $mode, $file) if @_ == 3; croak 'usage: $fh->open(FILENAME, IOLAYERS)'; } else { return open($fh, IO::Handle::_open_mode_string($mode), $file); } } open($fh, $file); } ################################################ ## Binmode ## sub binmode { ( @_ == 1 or @_ == 2 ) or croak 'usage $fh->binmode([LAYER])'; my($fh, $layer) = @_; return binmode $$fh unless $layer; return binmode $$fh, $layer; } 1; Handle.pm000064400000041430152526070420006302 0ustar00package IO::Handle; =head1 NAME IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Handle; $io = IO::Handle->new(); if ($io->fdopen(fileno(STDIN),"r")) { print $io->getline; $io->close; } $io = IO::Handle->new(); if ($io->fdopen(fileno(STDOUT),"w")) { $io->print("Some text\n"); } # setvbuf is not available by default on Perls 5.8.0 and later. use IO::Handle '_IOLBF'; $io->setvbuf($buffer_var, _IOLBF, 1024); undef $io; # automatically closes the file if it's open autoflush STDOUT 1; =head1 DESCRIPTION C is the base class for all other IO handle classes. It is not intended that objects of C would be created directly, but instead C is inherited from by several other classes in the IO hierarchy. If you are reading this documentation, looking for a replacement for the C package, then I suggest you read the documentation for C too. =head1 CONSTRUCTOR =over 4 =item new () Creates a new C object. =item new_from_fd ( FD, MODE ) Creates an C like C does. It requires two parameters, which are passed to the method C; if the fdopen fails, the object is destroyed. Otherwise, it is returned to the caller. =back =head1 METHODS See L for complete descriptions of each of the following supported C methods, which are just front ends for the corresponding built-in functions: $io->close $io->eof $io->fcntl( FUNCTION, SCALAR ) $io->fileno $io->format_write( [FORMAT_NAME] ) $io->getc $io->ioctl( FUNCTION, SCALAR ) $io->read ( BUF, LEN, [OFFSET] ) $io->print ( ARGS ) $io->printf ( FMT, [ARGS] ) $io->say ( ARGS ) $io->stat $io->sysread ( BUF, LEN, [OFFSET] ) $io->syswrite ( BUF, [LEN, [OFFSET]] ) $io->truncate ( LEN ) See L for complete descriptions of each of the following supported C methods. All of them return the previous value of the attribute and takes an optional single argument that when given will set the value. If no argument is given the previous value is unchanged (except for $io->autoflush will actually turn ON autoflush by default). $io->autoflush ( [BOOL] ) $| $io->format_page_number( [NUM] ) $% $io->format_lines_per_page( [NUM] ) $= $io->format_lines_left( [NUM] ) $- $io->format_name( [STR] ) $~ $io->format_top_name( [STR] ) $^ $io->input_line_number( [NUM]) $. The following methods are not supported on a per-filehandle basis. IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters( [STR] ) $: IO::Handle->format_formfeed( [STR]) $^L IO::Handle->output_field_separator( [STR] ) $, IO::Handle->output_record_separator( [STR] ) $\ IO::Handle->input_record_separator( [STR] ) $/ Furthermore, for doing normal I/O you might need these: =over 4 =item $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ) C is like an ordinary C except that its first parameter is not a filename but rather a file handle name, an IO::Handle object, or a file descriptor number. (For the documentation of the C method, see L.) =item $io->opened Returns true if the object is currently a valid file descriptor, false otherwise. =item $io->getline This works like <$io> described in L except that it's more readable and can be safely called in a list context but still returns just one line. If used as the conditional within a C or C-style C loop, however, you will need to emulate the functionality of <$io> with C<< defined($_ = $io->getline) >>. =item $io->getlines This works like <$io> when called in a list context to read all the remaining lines in a file, except that it's more readable. It will also croak() if accidentally called in a scalar context. =item $io->ungetc ( ORD ) Pushes a character with the given ordinal value back onto the given handle's input stream. Only one character of pushback per handle is guaranteed. =item $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ) This C is somewhat like C found in C, in that it is the opposite of read. The wrapper for the perl C function is called C. However, whilst the C C function returns the number of bytes written, this C function simply returns true if successful (like C). A more C-like C is C (see above). =item $io->error Returns a true value if the given handle has experienced any errors since it was opened or since the last call to C, or if the handle is invalid. It only returns false for a valid handle with no outstanding errors. =item $io->clearerr Clear the given handle's error indicator. Returns -1 if the handle is invalid, 0 otherwise. =item $io->sync C synchronizes a file's in-memory state with that on the physical medium. C does not operate at the perlio api level, but operates on the file descriptor (similar to sysread, sysseek and systell). This means that any data held at the perlio api level will not be synchronized. To synchronize data that is buffered at the perlio api level you must use the flush method. C is not implemented on all platforms. Returns "0 but true" on success, C on error, C for an invalid handle. See L. =item $io->flush C causes perl to flush any buffered data at the perlio api level. Any unread data in the buffer will be discarded, and any unwritten data will be written to the underlying file descriptor. Returns "0 but true" on success, C on error. =item $io->printflush ( ARGS ) Turns on autoflush, print ARGS and then restores the autoflush status of the C object. Returns the return value from print. =item $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ) If called with an argument C will turn on non-blocking IO if C is false, and turn it off if C is true. C will return the value of the previous setting, or the current setting if C is not given. If an error occurs C will return undef and C<$!> will be set. =back If the C functions setbuf() and/or setvbuf() are available, then C and C set the buffering policy for an IO::Handle. The calling sequences for the Perl functions are the same as their C counterparts--including the constants C<_IOFBF>, C<_IOLBF>, and C<_IONBF> for setvbuf()--except that the buffer parameter specifies a scalar variable to use as a buffer. You should only change the buffer before any I/O, or immediately after calling flush. WARNING: The IO::Handle::setvbuf() is not available by default on Perls 5.8.0 and later because setvbuf() is rather specific to using the stdio library, while Perl prefers the new perlio subsystem instead. WARNING: A variable used as a buffer by C or C B in any way until the IO::Handle is closed or C or C is called again, or memory corruption may result! Remember that the order of global destruction is undefined, so even if your buffer variable remains in scope until program termination, it may be undefined before the file IO::Handle is closed. Note that you need to import the constants C<_IOFBF>, C<_IOLBF>, and C<_IONBF> explicitly. Like C, setbuf returns nothing. setvbuf returns "0 but true", on success, C on failure. Lastly, there is a special method for working under B<-T> and setuid/gid scripts: =over 4 =item $io->untaint Marks the object as taint-clean, and as such data read from it will also be considered taint-clean. Note that this is a very trusting action to take, and appropriate consideration for the data source and potential vulnerability should be kept in mind. Returns 0 on success, -1 if setting the taint-clean flag failed. (eg invalid handle) =back =head1 NOTE An C object is a reference to a symbol/GLOB reference (see the C package). Some modules that inherit from C may want to keep object related variables in the hash table part of the GLOB. In an attempt to prevent modules trampling on each other I propose the that any such module should prefix its variables with its own name separated by _'s. For example the IO::Socket module keeps a C variable in 'io_socket_timeout'. =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L =head1 BUGS Due to backwards compatibility, all filehandles resemble objects of class C, or actually classes derived from that class. They actually aren't. Which means you can't derive your own class from C and inherit those methods. =head1 HISTORY Derived from FileHandle.pm by Graham Barr EFE =cut use 5.006_001; use strict; our($VERSION, @EXPORT_OK, @ISA); use Carp; use Symbol; use SelectSaver; use IO (); # Load the XS module require Exporter; @ISA = qw(Exporter); $VERSION = "1.36"; $VERSION = eval $VERSION; @EXPORT_OK = qw( autoflush output_field_separator output_record_separator input_record_separator input_line_number format_page_number format_lines_per_page format_lines_left format_name format_top_name format_line_break_characters format_formfeed format_write print printf say getline getlines printflush flush SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR SEEK_END _IOFBF _IOLBF _IONBF ); ################################################ ## Constructors, destructors. ## sub new { my $class = ref($_[0]) || $_[0] || "IO::Handle"; if (@_ != 1) { # Since perl will automatically require IO::File if needed, but # also initialises IO::File's @ISA as part of the core we must # ensure IO::File is loaded if IO::Handle is. This avoids effect- # ively "half-loading" IO::File. if ($] > 5.013 && $class eq 'IO::File' && !$INC{"IO/File.pm"}) { require IO::File; shift; return IO::File::->new(@_); } croak "usage: $class->new()"; } my $io = gensym; bless $io, $class; } sub new_from_fd { my $class = ref($_[0]) || $_[0] || "IO::Handle"; @_ == 3 or croak "usage: $class->new_from_fd(FD, MODE)"; my $io = gensym; shift; IO::Handle::fdopen($io, @_) or return undef; bless $io, $class; } # # There is no need for DESTROY to do anything, because when the # last reference to an IO object is gone, Perl automatically # closes its associated files (if any). However, to avoid any # attempts to autoload DESTROY, we here define it to do nothing. # sub DESTROY {} ################################################ ## Open and close. ## sub _open_mode_string { my ($mode) = @_; $mode =~ /^\+?(<|>>?)$/ or $mode =~ s/^r(\+?)$/$1/ or $mode =~ s/^a(\+?)$/$1>>/ or croak "IO::Handle: bad open mode: $mode"; $mode; } sub fdopen { @_ == 3 or croak 'usage: $io->fdopen(FD, MODE)'; my ($io, $fd, $mode) = @_; local(*GLOB); if (ref($fd) && "".$fd =~ /GLOB\(/o) { # It's a glob reference; Alias it as we cannot get name of anon GLOBs my $n = qualify(*GLOB); *GLOB = *{*$fd}; $fd = $n; } elsif ($fd =~ m#^\d+$#) { # It's an FD number; prefix with "=". $fd = "=$fd"; } open($io, _open_mode_string($mode) . '&' . $fd) ? $io : undef; } sub close { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->close()'; my($io) = @_; close($io); } ################################################ ## Normal I/O functions. ## # flock # select sub opened { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->opened()'; defined fileno($_[0]); } sub fileno { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->fileno()'; fileno($_[0]); } sub getc { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->getc()'; getc($_[0]); } sub eof { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->eof()'; eof($_[0]); } sub print { @_ or croak 'usage: $io->print(ARGS)'; my $this = shift; print $this @_; } sub printf { @_ >= 2 or croak 'usage: $io->printf(FMT,[ARGS])'; my $this = shift; printf $this @_; } sub say { @_ or croak 'usage: $io->say(ARGS)'; my $this = shift; local $\ = "\n"; print $this @_; } # Special XS wrapper to make them inherit lexical hints from the caller. _create_getline_subs( <<'END' ) or die $@; sub getline { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->getline()'; my $this = shift; return scalar <$this>; } sub getlines { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->getlines()'; wantarray or croak 'Can\'t call $io->getlines in a scalar context, use $io->getline'; my $this = shift; return <$this>; } 1; # return true for error checking END *gets = \&getline; # deprecated sub truncate { @_ == 2 or croak 'usage: $io->truncate(LEN)'; truncate($_[0], $_[1]); } sub read { @_ == 3 || @_ == 4 or croak 'usage: $io->read(BUF, LEN [, OFFSET])'; read($_[0], $_[1], $_[2], $_[3] || 0); } sub sysread { @_ == 3 || @_ == 4 or croak 'usage: $io->sysread(BUF, LEN [, OFFSET])'; sysread($_[0], $_[1], $_[2], $_[3] || 0); } sub write { @_ >= 2 && @_ <= 4 or croak 'usage: $io->write(BUF [, LEN [, OFFSET]])'; local($\) = ""; $_[2] = length($_[1]) unless defined $_[2]; print { $_[0] } substr($_[1], $_[3] || 0, $_[2]); } sub syswrite { @_ >= 2 && @_ <= 4 or croak 'usage: $io->syswrite(BUF [, LEN [, OFFSET]])'; if (defined($_[2])) { syswrite($_[0], $_[1], $_[2], $_[3] || 0); } else { syswrite($_[0], $_[1]); } } sub stat { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->stat()'; stat($_[0]); } ################################################ ## State modification functions. ## sub autoflush { my $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller); my $prev = $|; $| = @_ > 1 ? $_[1] : 1; $prev; } sub output_field_separator { carp "output_field_separator is not supported on a per-handle basis" if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $,; $, = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub output_record_separator { carp "output_record_separator is not supported on a per-handle basis" if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $\; $\ = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub input_record_separator { carp "input_record_separator is not supported on a per-handle basis" if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $/; $/ = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub input_line_number { local $.; () = tell qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $.; $. = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_page_number { my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $%; $% = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_lines_per_page { my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $=; $= = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_lines_left { my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $-; $- = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_name { my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $~; $~ = qualify($_[1], caller) if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_top_name { my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($_[0], caller) if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $^; $^ = qualify($_[1], caller) if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_line_break_characters { carp "format_line_break_characters is not supported on a per-handle basis" if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $:; $: = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub format_formfeed { carp "format_formfeed is not supported on a per-handle basis" if ref($_[0]); my $prev = $^L; $^L = $_[1] if @_ > 1; $prev; } sub formline { my $io = shift; my $picture = shift; local($^A) = $^A; local($\) = ""; formline($picture, @_); print $io $^A; } sub format_write { @_ < 3 || croak 'usage: $io->write( [FORMAT_NAME] )'; if (@_ == 2) { my ($io, $fmt) = @_; my $oldfmt = $io->format_name(qualify($fmt,caller)); CORE::write($io); $io->format_name($oldfmt); } else { CORE::write($_[0]); } } sub fcntl { @_ == 3 || croak 'usage: $io->fcntl( OP, VALUE );'; my ($io, $op) = @_; return fcntl($io, $op, $_[2]); } sub ioctl { @_ == 3 || croak 'usage: $io->ioctl( OP, VALUE );'; my ($io, $op) = @_; return ioctl($io, $op, $_[2]); } # this sub is for compatibility with older releases of IO that used # a sub called constant to determine if a constant existed -- GMB # # The SEEK_* and _IO?BF constants were the only constants at that time # any new code should just check defined(&CONSTANT_NAME) sub constant { no strict 'refs'; my $name = shift; (($name =~ /^(SEEK_(SET|CUR|END)|_IO[FLN]BF)$/) && defined &{$name}) ? &{$name}() : undef; } # so that flush.pl can be deprecated sub printflush { my $io = shift; my $old; $old = new SelectSaver qualify($io, caller) if ref($io); local $| = 1; if(ref($io)) { print $io @_; } else { print @_; } } 1; Seekable.pm000064400000005567152526070420006635 0ustar00# package IO::Seekable; =head1 NAME IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Seekable; package IO::Something; @ISA = qw(IO::Seekable); =head1 DESCRIPTION C does not have a constructor of its own as it is intended to be inherited by other C based objects. It provides methods which allow seeking of the file descriptors. =over 4 =item $io->getpos Returns an opaque value that represents the current position of the IO::File, or C if this is not possible (eg an unseekable stream such as a terminal, pipe or socket). If the fgetpos() function is available in your C library it is used to implements getpos, else perl emulates getpos using C's ftell() function. =item $io->setpos Uses the value of a previous getpos call to return to a previously visited position. Returns "0 but true" on success, C on failure. =back See L for complete descriptions of each of the following supported C methods, which are just front ends for the corresponding built-in functions: =over 4 =item $io->seek ( POS, WHENCE ) Seek the IO::File to position POS, relative to WHENCE: =over 8 =item WHENCE=0 (SEEK_SET) POS is absolute position. (Seek relative to the start of the file) =item WHENCE=1 (SEEK_CUR) POS is an offset from the current position. (Seek relative to current) =item WHENCE=2 (SEEK_END) POS is an offset from the end of the file. (Seek relative to end) =back The SEEK_* constants can be imported from the C module if you don't wish to use the numbers C<0> C<1> or C<2> in your code. Returns C<1> upon success, C<0> otherwise. =item $io->sysseek( POS, WHENCE ) Similar to $io->seek, but sets the IO::File's position using the system call lseek(2) directly, so will confuse most perl IO operators except sysread and syswrite (see L for full details) Returns the new position, or C on failure. A position of zero is returned as the string C<"0 but true"> =item $io->tell Returns the IO::File's current position, or -1 on error. =back =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L L =head1 HISTORY Derived from FileHandle.pm by Graham Barr Egbarr@pobox.comE =cut use 5.006_001; use Carp; use strict; our($VERSION, @EXPORT, @ISA); use IO::Handle (); # XXX we can't get these from IO::Handle or we'll get prototype # mismatch warnings on C :-( use Fcntl qw(SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR SEEK_END); require Exporter; @EXPORT = qw(SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR SEEK_END); @ISA = qw(Exporter); $VERSION = "1.10"; $VERSION = eval $VERSION; sub seek { @_ == 3 or croak 'usage: $io->seek(POS, WHENCE)'; seek($_[0], $_[1], $_[2]); } sub sysseek { @_ == 3 or croak 'usage: $io->sysseek(POS, WHENCE)'; sysseek($_[0], $_[1], $_[2]); } sub tell { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $io->tell()'; tell($_[0]); } 1; Pipe.pm000064400000012540152526070420006004 0ustar00# IO::Pipe.pm # # Copyright (c) 1996-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. package IO::Pipe; use 5.006_001; use IO::Handle; use strict; our($VERSION); use Carp; use Symbol; $VERSION = "1.15"; sub new { my $type = shift; my $class = ref($type) || $type || "IO::Pipe"; @_ == 0 || @_ == 2 or croak "usage: $class->([READFH, WRITEFH])"; my $me = bless gensym(), $class; my($readfh,$writefh) = @_ ? @_ : $me->handles; pipe($readfh, $writefh) or return undef; @{*$me} = ($readfh, $writefh); $me; } sub handles { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $pipe->handles()'; (IO::Pipe::End->new(), IO::Pipe::End->new()); } my $do_spawn = $^O eq 'os2' || $^O eq 'MSWin32'; sub _doit { my $me = shift; my $rw = shift; my $pid = $do_spawn ? 0 : fork(); if($pid) { # Parent return $pid; } elsif(defined $pid) { # Child or spawn my $fh; my $io = $rw ? \*STDIN : \*STDOUT; my ($mode, $save) = $rw ? "r" : "w"; if ($do_spawn) { require Fcntl; $save = IO::Handle->new_from_fd($io, $mode); my $handle = shift; # Close in child: unless ($^O eq 'MSWin32') { fcntl($handle, Fcntl::F_SETFD(), 1) or croak "fcntl: $!"; } $fh = $rw ? ${*$me}[0] : ${*$me}[1]; } else { shift; $fh = $rw ? $me->reader() : $me->writer(); # close the other end } bless $io, "IO::Handle"; $io->fdopen($fh, $mode); $fh->close; if ($do_spawn) { $pid = eval { system 1, @_ }; # 1 == P_NOWAIT my $err = $!; $io->fdopen($save, $mode); $save->close or croak "Cannot close $!"; croak "IO::Pipe: Cannot spawn-NOWAIT: $err" if not $pid or $pid < 0; return $pid; } else { exec @_ or croak "IO::Pipe: Cannot exec: $!"; } } else { croak "IO::Pipe: Cannot fork: $!"; } # NOT Reached } sub reader { @_ >= 1 or croak 'usage: $pipe->reader( [SUB_COMMAND_ARGS] )'; my $me = shift; return undef unless(ref($me) || ref($me = $me->new)); my $fh = ${*$me}[0]; my $pid; $pid = $me->_doit(0, $fh, @_) if(@_); close ${*$me}[1]; bless $me, ref($fh); *$me = *$fh; # Alias self to handle $me->fdopen($fh->fileno,"r") unless defined($me->fileno); bless $fh; # Really wan't un-bless here ${*$me}{'io_pipe_pid'} = $pid if defined $pid; $me; } sub writer { @_ >= 1 or croak 'usage: $pipe->writer( [SUB_COMMAND_ARGS] )'; my $me = shift; return undef unless(ref($me) || ref($me = $me->new)); my $fh = ${*$me}[1]; my $pid; $pid = $me->_doit(1, $fh, @_) if(@_); close ${*$me}[0]; bless $me, ref($fh); *$me = *$fh; # Alias self to handle $me->fdopen($fh->fileno,"w") unless defined($me->fileno); bless $fh; # Really wan't un-bless here ${*$me}{'io_pipe_pid'} = $pid if defined $pid; $me; } package IO::Pipe::End; our(@ISA); @ISA = qw(IO::Handle); sub close { my $fh = shift; my $r = $fh->SUPER::close(@_); waitpid(${*$fh}{'io_pipe_pid'},0) if(defined ${*$fh}{'io_pipe_pid'}); $r; } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Pipe; $pipe = IO::Pipe->new(); if($pid = fork()) { # Parent $pipe->reader(); while(<$pipe>) { ... } } elsif(defined $pid) { # Child $pipe->writer(); print $pipe ... } or $pipe = IO::Pipe->new(); $pipe->reader(qw(ls -l)); while(<$pipe>) { ... } =head1 DESCRIPTION C provides an interface to creating pipes between processes. =head1 CONSTRUCTOR =over 4 =item new ( [READER, WRITER] ) Creates an C, which is a reference to a newly created symbol (see the C package). C optionally takes two arguments, which should be objects blessed into C, or a subclass thereof. These two objects will be used for the system call to C. If no arguments are given then method C is called on the new C object. These two handles are held in the array part of the GLOB until either C or C is called. =back =head1 METHODS =over 4 =item reader ([ARGS]) The object is re-blessed into a sub-class of C, and becomes a handle at the reading end of the pipe. If C are given then C is called and C are passed to exec. =item writer ([ARGS]) The object is re-blessed into a sub-class of C, and becomes a handle at the writing end of the pipe. If C are given then C is called and C are passed to exec. =item handles () This method is called during construction by C on the newly created C object. It returns an array of two objects blessed into C, or a subclass thereof. =back =head1 SEE ALSO L =head1 AUTHOR Graham Barr. Currently maintained by the Perl Porters. Please report all bugs to . =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1996-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =cut Socket/INET.pm000064400000030274152526070420007102 0ustar00# IO::Socket::INET.pm # # Copyright (c) 1997-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. package IO::Socket::INET; use strict; our(@ISA, $VERSION); use IO::Socket; use Socket; use Carp; use Exporter; use Errno; @ISA = qw(IO::Socket); $VERSION = "1.35"; my $EINVAL = exists(&Errno::EINVAL) ? Errno::EINVAL() : 1; IO::Socket::INET->register_domain( AF_INET ); my %socket_type = ( tcp => SOCK_STREAM, udp => SOCK_DGRAM, icmp => SOCK_RAW ); my %proto_number; $proto_number{tcp} = Socket::IPPROTO_TCP() if defined &Socket::IPPROTO_TCP; $proto_number{udp} = Socket::IPPROTO_UDP() if defined &Socket::IPPROTO_UDP; $proto_number{icmp} = Socket::IPPROTO_ICMP() if defined &Socket::IPPROTO_ICMP; my %proto_name = reverse %proto_number; sub new { my $class = shift; unshift(@_, "PeerAddr") if @_ == 1; return $class->SUPER::new(@_); } sub _cache_proto { my @proto = @_; for (map lc($_), $proto[0], split(' ', $proto[1])) { $proto_number{$_} = $proto[2]; } $proto_name{$proto[2]} = $proto[0]; } sub _get_proto_number { my $name = lc(shift); return undef unless defined $name; return $proto_number{$name} if exists $proto_number{$name}; my @proto = eval { getprotobyname($name) }; return undef unless @proto; _cache_proto(@proto); return $proto[2]; } sub _get_proto_name { my $num = shift; return undef unless defined $num; return $proto_name{$num} if exists $proto_name{$num}; my @proto = eval { getprotobynumber($num) }; return undef unless @proto; _cache_proto(@proto); return $proto[0]; } sub _sock_info { my($addr,$port,$proto) = @_; my $origport = $port; my @serv = (); $port = $1 if(defined $addr && $addr =~ s,:([\w\(\)/]+)$,,); if(defined $proto && $proto =~ /\D/) { my $num = _get_proto_number($proto); unless (defined $num) { $@ = "Bad protocol '$proto'"; return; } $proto = $num; } if(defined $port) { my $defport = ($port =~ s,\((\d+)\)$,,) ? $1 : undef; my $pnum = ($port =~ m,^(\d+)$,)[0]; @serv = getservbyname($port, _get_proto_name($proto) || "") if ($port =~ m,\D,); $port = $serv[2] || $defport || $pnum; unless (defined $port) { $@ = "Bad service '$origport'"; return; } $proto = _get_proto_number($serv[3]) if @serv && !$proto; } return ($addr || undef, $port || undef, $proto || undef ); } sub _error { my $sock = shift; my $err = shift; { local($!); my $title = ref($sock).": "; $@ = join("", $_[0] =~ /^$title/ ? "" : $title, @_); $sock->close() if(defined fileno($sock)); } $! = $err; return undef; } sub _get_addr { my($sock,$addr_str, $multi) = @_; my @addr; if ($multi && $addr_str !~ /^\d+(?:\.\d+){3}$/) { (undef, undef, undef, undef, @addr) = gethostbyname($addr_str); } else { my $h = inet_aton($addr_str); push(@addr, $h) if defined $h; } @addr; } sub configure { my($sock,$arg) = @_; my($lport,$rport,$laddr,$raddr,$proto,$type); $arg->{LocalAddr} = $arg->{LocalHost} if exists $arg->{LocalHost} && !exists $arg->{LocalAddr}; ($laddr,$lport,$proto) = _sock_info($arg->{LocalAddr}, $arg->{LocalPort}, $arg->{Proto}) or return _error($sock, $!, $@); $laddr = defined $laddr ? inet_aton($laddr) : INADDR_ANY; return _error($sock, $EINVAL, "Bad hostname '",$arg->{LocalAddr},"'") unless(defined $laddr); $arg->{PeerAddr} = $arg->{PeerHost} if exists $arg->{PeerHost} && !exists $arg->{PeerAddr}; unless(exists $arg->{Listen}) { ($raddr,$rport,$proto) = _sock_info($arg->{PeerAddr}, $arg->{PeerPort}, $proto) or return _error($sock, $!, $@); } $proto ||= _get_proto_number('tcp'); $type = $arg->{Type} || $socket_type{lc _get_proto_name($proto)}; my @raddr = (); if(defined $raddr) { @raddr = $sock->_get_addr($raddr, $arg->{MultiHomed}); return _error($sock, $EINVAL, "Bad hostname '",$arg->{PeerAddr},"'") unless @raddr; } while(1) { $sock->socket(AF_INET, $type, $proto) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); if (defined $arg->{Blocking}) { defined $sock->blocking($arg->{Blocking}) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); } if ($arg->{Reuse} || $arg->{ReuseAddr}) { $sock->sockopt(SO_REUSEADDR,1) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); } if ($arg->{ReusePort}) { $sock->sockopt(SO_REUSEPORT,1) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); } if ($arg->{Broadcast}) { $sock->sockopt(SO_BROADCAST,1) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); } if($lport || ($laddr ne INADDR_ANY) || exists $arg->{Listen}) { $sock->bind($lport || 0, $laddr) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); } if(exists $arg->{Listen}) { $sock->listen($arg->{Listen} || 5) or return _error($sock, $!, "$!"); last; } # don't try to connect unless we're given a PeerAddr last unless exists($arg->{PeerAddr}); $raddr = shift @raddr; return _error($sock, $EINVAL, 'Cannot determine remote port') unless($rport || $type == SOCK_DGRAM || $type == SOCK_RAW); last unless($type == SOCK_STREAM || defined $raddr); return _error($sock, $EINVAL, "Bad hostname '",$arg->{PeerAddr},"'") unless defined $raddr; # my $timeout = ${*$sock}{'io_socket_timeout'}; # my $before = time() if $timeout; undef $@; if ($sock->connect(pack_sockaddr_in($rport, $raddr))) { # ${*$sock}{'io_socket_timeout'} = $timeout; return $sock; } return _error($sock, $!, $@ || "Timeout") unless @raddr; # if ($timeout) { # my $new_timeout = $timeout - (time() - $before); # return _error($sock, # (exists(&Errno::ETIMEDOUT) ? Errno::ETIMEDOUT() : $EINVAL), # "Timeout") if $new_timeout <= 0; # ${*$sock}{'io_socket_timeout'} = $new_timeout; # } } $sock; } sub connect { @_ == 2 || @_ == 3 or croak 'usage: $sock->connect(NAME) or $sock->connect(PORT, ADDR)'; my $sock = shift; return $sock->SUPER::connect(@_ == 1 ? shift : pack_sockaddr_in(@_)); } sub bind { @_ == 2 || @_ == 3 or croak 'usage: $sock->bind(NAME) or $sock->bind(PORT, ADDR)'; my $sock = shift; return $sock->SUPER::bind(@_ == 1 ? shift : pack_sockaddr_in(@_)) } sub sockaddr { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->sockaddr()'; my($sock) = @_; my $name = $sock->sockname; $name ? (sockaddr_in($name))[1] : undef; } sub sockport { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->sockport()'; my($sock) = @_; my $name = $sock->sockname; $name ? (sockaddr_in($name))[0] : undef; } sub sockhost { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->sockhost()'; my($sock) = @_; my $addr = $sock->sockaddr; $addr ? inet_ntoa($addr) : undef; } sub peeraddr { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->peeraddr()'; my($sock) = @_; my $name = $sock->peername; $name ? (sockaddr_in($name))[1] : undef; } sub peerport { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->peerport()'; my($sock) = @_; my $name = $sock->peername; $name ? (sockaddr_in($name))[0] : undef; } sub peerhost { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->peerhost()'; my($sock) = @_; my $addr = $sock->peeraddr; $addr ? inet_ntoa($addr) : undef; } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Socket::INET; =head1 DESCRIPTION C provides an object interface to creating and using sockets in the AF_INET domain. It is built upon the L interface and inherits all the methods defined by L. =head1 CONSTRUCTOR =over 4 =item new ( [ARGS] ) Creates an C object, which is a reference to a newly created symbol (see the C package). C optionally takes arguments, these arguments are in key-value pairs. In addition to the key-value pairs accepted by L, C provides. PeerAddr Remote host address [:] PeerHost Synonym for PeerAddr PeerPort Remote port or service [()] | LocalAddr Local host bind address hostname[:port] LocalHost Synonym for LocalAddr LocalPort Local host bind port [()] | Proto Protocol name (or number) "tcp" | "udp" | ... Type Socket type SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_DGRAM | ... Listen Queue size for listen ReuseAddr Set SO_REUSEADDR before binding Reuse Set SO_REUSEADDR before binding (deprecated, prefer ReuseAddr) ReusePort Set SO_REUSEPORT before binding Broadcast Set SO_BROADCAST before binding Timeout Timeout value for various operations MultiHomed Try all addresses for multi-homed hosts Blocking Determine if connection will be blocking mode If C is defined then a listen socket is created, else if the socket type, which is derived from the protocol, is SOCK_STREAM then connect() is called. If the C argument is given, but false, the queue size will be set to 5. Although it is not illegal, the use of C on a socket which is in non-blocking mode is of little use. This is because the first connect will never fail with a timeout as the connect call will not block. The C can be a hostname or the IP-address on the "xx.xx.xx.xx" form. The C can be a number or a symbolic service name. The service name might be followed by a number in parenthesis which is used if the service is not known by the system. The C specification can also be embedded in the C by preceding it with a ":". If C is not given and you specify a symbolic C port, then the constructor will try to derive C from the service name. As a last resort C "tcp" is assumed. The C parameter will be deduced from C if not specified. If the constructor is only passed a single argument, it is assumed to be a C specification. If C is set to 0, the connection will be in nonblocking mode. If not specified it defaults to 1 (blocking mode). Examples: $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(PeerAddr => 'www.perl.org', PeerPort => 'http(80)', Proto => 'tcp'); $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(PeerAddr => 'localhost:smtp(25)'); $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(Listen => 5, LocalAddr => 'localhost', LocalPort => 9000, Proto => 'tcp'); $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new('127.0.0.1:25'); $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new( PeerPort => 9999, PeerAddr => inet_ntoa(INADDR_BROADCAST), Proto => udp, LocalAddr => 'localhost', Broadcast => 1 ) or die "Can't bind : $@\n"; NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE As of VERSION 1.18 all IO::Socket objects have autoflush turned on by default. This was not the case with earlier releases. NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE NOTE =back =head2 METHODS =over 4 =item sockaddr () Return the address part of the sockaddr structure for the socket =item sockport () Return the port number that the socket is using on the local host =item sockhost () Return the address part of the sockaddr structure for the socket in a text form xx.xx.xx.xx =item peeraddr () Return the address part of the sockaddr structure for the socket on the peer host =item peerport () Return the port number for the socket on the peer host. =item peerhost () Return the address part of the sockaddr structure for the socket on the peer host in a text form xx.xx.xx.xx =back =head1 SEE ALSO L, L =head1 AUTHOR Graham Barr. Currently maintained by the Perl Porters. Please report all bugs to . =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1996-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =cut Socket/UNIX.pm000064400000006537152526070420007133 0ustar00# IO::Socket::UNIX.pm # # Copyright (c) 1997-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. package IO::Socket::UNIX; use strict; our(@ISA, $VERSION); use IO::Socket; use Carp; @ISA = qw(IO::Socket); $VERSION = "1.26"; $VERSION = eval $VERSION; IO::Socket::UNIX->register_domain( AF_UNIX ); sub new { my $class = shift; unshift(@_, "Peer") if @_ == 1; return $class->SUPER::new(@_); } sub configure { my($sock,$arg) = @_; my($bport,$cport); my $type = $arg->{Type} || SOCK_STREAM; $sock->socket(AF_UNIX, $type, 0) or return undef; if(exists $arg->{Local}) { my $addr = sockaddr_un($arg->{Local}); $sock->bind($addr) or return undef; } if(exists $arg->{Listen} && $type != SOCK_DGRAM) { $sock->listen($arg->{Listen} || 5) or return undef; } elsif(exists $arg->{Peer}) { my $addr = sockaddr_un($arg->{Peer}); $sock->connect($addr) or return undef; } $sock; } sub hostpath { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->hostpath()'; my $n = $_[0]->sockname || return undef; (sockaddr_un($n))[0]; } sub peerpath { @_ == 1 or croak 'usage: $sock->peerpath()'; my $n = $_[0]->peername || return undef; (sockaddr_un($n))[0]; } 1; # Keep require happy __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Socket::UNIX; my $SOCK_PATH = "$ENV{HOME}/unix-domain-socket-test.sock"; # Server: my $server = IO::Socket::UNIX->new( Type => SOCK_STREAM(), Local => $SOCK_PATH, Listen => 1, ); my $count = 1; while (my $conn = $server->accept()) { $conn->print("Hello " . ($count++) . "\n"); } # Client: my $client = IO::Socket::UNIX->new( Type => SOCK_STREAM(), Peer => $SOCK_PATH, ); # Now read and write from $client =head1 DESCRIPTION C provides an object interface to creating and using sockets in the AF_UNIX domain. It is built upon the L interface and inherits all the methods defined by L. =head1 CONSTRUCTOR =over 4 =item new ( [ARGS] ) Creates an C object, which is a reference to a newly created symbol (see the C package). C optionally takes arguments, these arguments are in key-value pairs. In addition to the key-value pairs accepted by L, C provides. Type Type of socket (eg SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM) Local Path to local fifo Peer Path to peer fifo Listen Queue size for listen If the constructor is only passed a single argument, it is assumed to be a C specification. If the C argument is given, but false, the queue size will be set to 5. =back =head1 METHODS =over 4 =item hostpath() Returns the pathname to the fifo at the local end =item peerpath() Returns the pathanme to the fifo at the peer end =back =head1 SEE ALSO L, L =head1 AUTHOR Graham Barr. Currently maintained by the Perl Porters. Please report all bugs to . =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1996-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =cut Select.pm000064400000020236152526070420006327 0ustar00# IO::Select.pm # # Copyright (c) 1997-8 Graham Barr . All rights reserved. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. package IO::Select; use strict; use warnings::register; use vars qw($VERSION @ISA); require Exporter; $VERSION = "1.22"; @ISA = qw(Exporter); # This is only so we can do version checking sub VEC_BITS () {0} sub FD_COUNT () {1} sub FIRST_FD () {2} sub new { my $self = shift; my $type = ref($self) || $self; my $vec = bless [undef,0], $type; $vec->add(@_) if @_; $vec; } sub add { shift->_update('add', @_); } sub remove { shift->_update('remove', @_); } sub exists { my $vec = shift; my $fno = $vec->_fileno(shift); return undef unless defined $fno; $vec->[$fno + FIRST_FD]; } sub _fileno { my($self, $f) = @_; return unless defined $f; $f = $f->[0] if ref($f) eq 'ARRAY'; ($f =~ /^\d+$/) ? $f : fileno($f); } sub _update { my $vec = shift; my $add = shift eq 'add'; my $bits = $vec->[VEC_BITS]; $bits = '' unless defined $bits; my $count = 0; my $f; foreach $f (@_) { my $fn = $vec->_fileno($f); if ($add) { next unless defined $fn; my $i = $fn + FIRST_FD; if (defined $vec->[$i]) { $vec->[$i] = $f; # if array rest might be different, so we update next; } $vec->[FD_COUNT]++; vec($bits, $fn, 1) = 1; $vec->[$i] = $f; } else { # remove if ( ! defined $fn ) { # remove if fileno undef'd $fn = 0; for my $fe (@{$vec}[FIRST_FD .. $#$vec]) { if (defined($fe) && $fe == $f) { $vec->[FD_COUNT]--; $fe = undef; vec($bits, $fn, 1) = 0; last; } ++$fn; } } else { my $i = $fn + FIRST_FD; next unless defined $vec->[$i]; $vec->[FD_COUNT]--; vec($bits, $fn, 1) = 0; $vec->[$i] = undef; } } $count++; } $vec->[VEC_BITS] = $vec->[FD_COUNT] ? $bits : undef; $count; } sub can_read { my $vec = shift; my $timeout = shift; my $r = $vec->[VEC_BITS]; defined($r) && (select($r,undef,undef,$timeout) > 0) ? handles($vec, $r) : (); } sub can_write { my $vec = shift; my $timeout = shift; my $w = $vec->[VEC_BITS]; defined($w) && (select(undef,$w,undef,$timeout) > 0) ? handles($vec, $w) : (); } sub has_exception { my $vec = shift; my $timeout = shift; my $e = $vec->[VEC_BITS]; defined($e) && (select(undef,undef,$e,$timeout) > 0) ? handles($vec, $e) : (); } sub has_error { warnings::warn("Call to deprecated method 'has_error', use 'has_exception'") if warnings::enabled(); goto &has_exception; } sub count { my $vec = shift; $vec->[FD_COUNT]; } sub bits { my $vec = shift; $vec->[VEC_BITS]; } sub as_string # for debugging { my $vec = shift; my $str = ref($vec) . ": "; my $bits = $vec->bits; my $count = $vec->count; $str .= defined($bits) ? unpack("b*", $bits) : "undef"; $str .= " $count"; my @handles = @$vec; splice(@handles, 0, FIRST_FD); for (@handles) { $str .= " " . (defined($_) ? "$_" : "-"); } $str; } sub _max { my($a,$b,$c) = @_; $a > $b ? $a > $c ? $a : $c : $b > $c ? $b : $c; } sub select { shift if defined $_[0] && !ref($_[0]); my($r,$w,$e,$t) = @_; my @result = (); my $rb = defined $r ? $r->[VEC_BITS] : undef; my $wb = defined $w ? $w->[VEC_BITS] : undef; my $eb = defined $e ? $e->[VEC_BITS] : undef; if(select($rb,$wb,$eb,$t) > 0) { my @r = (); my @w = (); my @e = (); my $i = _max(defined $r ? scalar(@$r)-1 : 0, defined $w ? scalar(@$w)-1 : 0, defined $e ? scalar(@$e)-1 : 0); for( ; $i >= FIRST_FD ; $i--) { my $j = $i - FIRST_FD; push(@r, $r->[$i]) if defined $rb && defined $r->[$i] && vec($rb, $j, 1); push(@w, $w->[$i]) if defined $wb && defined $w->[$i] && vec($wb, $j, 1); push(@e, $e->[$i]) if defined $eb && defined $e->[$i] && vec($eb, $j, 1); } @result = (\@r, \@w, \@e); } @result; } sub handles { my $vec = shift; my $bits = shift; my @h = (); my $i; my $max = scalar(@$vec) - 1; for ($i = FIRST_FD; $i <= $max; $i++) { next unless defined $vec->[$i]; push(@h, $vec->[$i]) if !defined($bits) || vec($bits, $i - FIRST_FD, 1); } @h; } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Select; $s = IO::Select->new(); $s->add(\*STDIN); $s->add($some_handle); @ready = $s->can_read($timeout); @ready = IO::Select->new(@handles)->can_read(0); =head1 DESCRIPTION The C package implements an object approach to the system C static method. =item bits() Return the bit string suitable as argument to the core select() call. =item select ( READ, WRITE, EXCEPTION [, TIMEOUT ] ) C or C). Each time the filehandle is ready to write, the C method must be called, with no arguments. Note that some operating systems, most notably C do not report a C failure using write-ready; so you must also C for exceptional status. While C returns false, the value of C<$!> indicates whether it should be tried again (by being set to the value C, or C on MSWin32), or whether a permanent error has occurred (e.g. C). Once the socket has been connected to the peer, C will return true and the socket will now be ready to use. Note that calls to the platform's underlying C function may block. If C has to perform this lookup, the constructor will block even when in non-blocking mode. To avoid this blocking behaviour, the caller should pass in the result of such a lookup using the C or C arguments. This can be achieved by using L, or the C function can be called in a child process. use IO::Socket::IP; use Errno qw( EINPROGRESS EWOULDBLOCK ); my @peeraddrinfo = ... # Caller must obtain the getaddinfo result here my $socket = IO::Socket::IP->new( PeerAddrInfo => \@peeraddrinfo, Blocking => 0, ) or die "Cannot construct socket - $@"; while( !$socket->connect and ( $! == EINPROGRESS || $! == EWOULDBLOCK ) ) { my $wvec = ''; vec( $wvec, fileno $socket, 1 ) = 1; my $evec = ''; vec( $evec, fileno $socket, 1 ) = 1; select( undef, $wvec, $evec, undef ) or die "Cannot select - $!"; } die "Cannot connect - $!" if $!; ... The example above uses C, but any similar mechanism should work analogously. C takes care when creating new socket filehandles to preserve the actual file descriptor number, so such techniques as C or C should be transparent to its reallocation of a different socket underneath, perhaps in order to switch protocol family between C and C. For another example using C and C, see the F file in the module distribution. =cut =head1 C AND C PARSING To support the C API, the host and port information may be passed in a single string rather than as two separate arguments. If either C or C (or their C<...Addr> synonyms) have any of the following special forms then special parsing is applied. The value of the C<...Host> argument will be split to give both the hostname and port (or service name): hostname.example.org:http # Host name 192.0.2.1:80 # IPv4 address [2001:db8::1]:80 # IPv6 address In each case, the port or service name (e.g. C<80>) is passed as the C or C argument. Either of C or C (or their C<...Port> synonyms) can be either a service name, a decimal number, or a string containing both a service name and number, in a form such as http(80) In this case, the name (C) will be tried first, but if the resolver does not understand it then the port number (C<80>) will be used instead. If the C<...Host> argument is in this special form and the corresponding C<...Service> or C<...Port> argument is also defined, the one parsed from the C<...Host> argument will take precedence and the other will be ignored. =head2 ( $host, $port ) = IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( $addr ) Utility method that provides the parsing functionality described above. Returns a 2-element list, containing either the split hostname and port description if it could be parsed, or the given address and C if it was not recognised. IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "hostname:http" ) # ( "hostname", "http" ) IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "192.0.2.1:80" ) # ( "192.0.2.1", "80" ) IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "[2001:db8::1]:80" ) # ( "2001:db8::1", "80" ) IO::Socket::IP->split_addr( "something.else" ) # ( "something.else", undef ) =cut sub split_addr { shift; my ( $addr ) = @_; local ( $1, $2 ); # Placate a taint-related bug; [perl #67962] if( $addr =~ m/\A\[($IPv6_re)\](?::([^\s:]*))?\z/ or $addr =~ m/\A([^\s:]*):([^\s:]*)\z/ ) { return ( $1, $2 ) if defined $2 and length $2; return ( $1, undef ); } return ( $addr, undef ); } =head2 $addr = IO::Socket::IP->join_addr( $host, $port ) Utility method that performs the reverse of C, returning a string formed by joining the specified host address and port number. The host address will be wrapped in C<[]> brackets if required (because it is a raw IPv6 numeric address). This can be especially useful when combined with the C or C methods. say "Connected to ", IO::Socket::IP->join_addr( $sock->peerhost_service ); =cut sub join_addr { shift; my ( $host, $port ) = @_; $host = "[$host]" if $host =~ m/:/; return join ":", $host, $port if defined $port; return $host; } # Since IO::Socket->new( Domain => ... ) will delete the Domain parameter # before calling ->configure, we need to keep track of which it was package # hide from indexer IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET; use base qw( IO::Socket::IP ); sub configure { # This is evil my $self = shift; my ( $arg ) = @_; bless $self, "IO::Socket::IP"; $self->configure( { %$arg, Family => Socket::AF_INET() } ); } package # hide from indexer IO::Socket::IP::_ForINET6; use base qw( IO::Socket::IP ); sub configure { # This is evil my $self = shift; my ( $arg ) = @_; bless $self, "IO::Socket::IP"; $self->configure( { %$arg, Family => Socket::AF_INET6() } ); } =head1 C INCOMPATIBILITES =over 4 =item * The behaviour enabled by C is in fact implemented by C as it is required to correctly support searching for a useable address from the results of the C call. The constructor will ignore the value of this argument, except if it is defined but false. An exception is thrown in this case, because that would request it disable the C search behaviour in the first place. =item * C implements both the C and C parameters, but it implements the interaction of both in a different way. In C<::INET>, supplying a timeout overrides the non-blocking behaviour, meaning that the C operation will still block despite that the caller asked for a non-blocking socket. This is not explicitly specified in its documentation, nor does this author believe that is a useful behaviour - it appears to come from a quirk of implementation. In C<::IP> therefore, the C parameter takes precedence - if a non-blocking socket is requested, no operation will block. The C parameter here simply defines the maximum time that a blocking C call will wait, if it blocks at all. In order to specifically obtain the "blocking connect then non-blocking send and receive" behaviour of specifying this combination of options to C<::INET> when using C<::IP>, perform first a blocking connect, then afterwards turn the socket into nonblocking mode. my $sock = IO::Socket::IP->new( PeerHost => $peer, Timeout => 20, ) or die "Cannot connect - $@"; $sock->blocking( 0 ); This code will behave identically under both C and C. =back =cut =head1 TODO =over 4 =item * Investigate whether C upsets BSD's C watchers, and if so, consider what possible workarounds might be applied. =back =head1 AUTHOR Paul Evans =cut 0x55AA; Socket/SSL/Intercept.pm000064400000026163152530073610010742 0ustar00 package IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept; use strict; use warnings; use Carp 'croak'; use IO::Socket::SSL::Utils; use Net::SSLeay; our $VERSION = '2.056'; sub new { my ($class,%args) = @_; my $cacert = delete $args{proxy_cert}; if ( ! $cacert ) { if ( my $f = delete $args{proxy_cert_file} ) { $cacert = PEM_file2cert($f); } else { croak "no proxy_cert or proxy_cert_file given"; } } my $cakey = delete $args{proxy_key}; if ( ! $cakey ) { if ( my $f = delete $args{proxy_key_file} ) { $cakey = PEM_file2key($f); } else { croak "no proxy_cert or proxy_cert_file given"; } } my $certkey = delete $args{cert_key}; if ( ! $certkey ) { if ( my $f = delete $args{cert_key_file} ) { $certkey = PEM_file2key($f); } } my $cache = delete $args{cache} || {}; if (ref($cache) eq 'CODE') { # check cache type my $type = $cache->('type'); if (!$type) { # old cache interface - change into new interface # get: $cache->(fp) # set: $cache->(fp,cert,key) my $oc = $cache; $cache = sub { my ($fp,$create_cb) = @_; my @ck = $oc->($fp); $oc->($fp, @ck = &$create_cb) if !@ck; return @ck; }; } elsif ($type == 1) { # current interface: # get/set: $cache->(fp,cb_create) } else { die "invalid type of cache: $type"; } } my $self = bless { cacert => $cacert, cakey => $cakey, certkey => $certkey, cache => $cache, serial => delete $args{serial}, }; return $self; } sub DESTROY { # call various ssl _free routines my $self = shift or return; for ( \$self->{cacert}, map { \$_->{cert} } ref($self->{cache}) ne 'CODE' ? values %{$self->{cache}} :()) { $$_ or next; CERT_free($$_); $$_ = undef; } for ( \$self->{cakey}, \$self->{pubkey} ) { $$_ or next; KEY_free($$_); $$_ = undef; } } sub clone_cert { my ($self,$old_cert,$clone_key) = @_; my $hash = CERT_asHash($old_cert); my $create_cb = sub { # if not in cache create new certificate based on original # copy most but not all extensions if (my $ext = $hash->{ext}) { @$ext = grep { defined($_->{sn}) && $_->{sn} !~m{^(?: authorityInfoAccess | subjectKeyIdentifier | authorityKeyIdentifier | certificatePolicies | crlDistributionPoints )$}x } @$ext; } my ($clone,$key) = CERT_create( %$hash, issuer_cert => $self->{cacert}, issuer_key => $self->{cakey}, key => $self->{certkey}, serial => ! defined($self->{serial}) ? (unpack('L',$hash->{x509_digest_sha256}))[0] : ref($self->{serial}) eq 'CODE' ? $self->{serial}($old_cert,$hash) : ++$self->{serial}, ); return ($clone,$key); }; $clone_key ||= substr(unpack("H*", $hash->{x509_digest_sha256}),0,32); my $c = $self->{cache}; return $c->($clone_key,$create_cb) if ref($c) eq 'CODE'; my $e = $c->{$clone_key} ||= do { my ($cert,$key) = &$create_cb; { cert => $cert, key => $key }; }; $e->{atime} = time(); return ($e->{cert},$e->{key}); } sub STORABLE_freeze { my $self = shift; $self->serialize() } sub STORABLE_thaw { my ($class,undef,$data) = @_; $class->unserialize($data) } sub serialize { my $self = shift; my $data = pack("N",2); # version $data .= pack("N/a", PEM_cert2string($self->{cacert})); $data .= pack("N/a", PEM_key2string($self->{cakey})); if ( $self->{certkey} ) { $data .= pack("N/a", PEM_key2string($self->{certkey})); } else { $data .= pack("N/a", ''); } $data .= pack("N",$self->{serial}); if ( ref($self->{cache}) eq 'HASH' ) { while ( my($k,$v) = each %{ $self->{cache}} ) { $data .= pack("N/aN/aN/aN", $k, PEM_cert2string($k->{cert}), $k->{key} ? PEM_key2string($k->{key}) : '', $k->{atime}); } } return $data; } sub unserialize { my ($class,$data) = @_; unpack("N",substr($data,0,4,'')) == 2 or croak("serialized with wrong version"); ( my $cacert,my $cakey,my $certkey,my $serial,$data) = unpack("N/aN/aN/aNa*",$data); my $self = bless { serial => $serial, cacert => PEM_string2cert($cacert), cakey => PEM_string2key($cakey), $certkey ? ( certkey => PEM_string2key($certkey)):(), }, ref($class)||$class; $self->{cache} = {} if $data ne ''; while ( $data ne '' ) { (my $key,my $cert,my $certkey, my $atime,$data) = unpack("N/aN/aNa*",$data); $self->{cache}{$key} = { cert => PEM_string2cert($cert), $key ? ( key => PEM_string2key($certkey)):(), atime => $atime }; } return $self; } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept -- SSL interception (man in the middle) =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept; # create interceptor with proxy certificates my $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->new( proxy_cert_file => 'proxy_cert.pem', proxy_key_file => 'proxy_key.pem', ... ); my $listen = IO::Socket::INET->new( LocalAddr => .., Listen => .. ); while (1) { # TCP accept new client my $client = $listen->accept or next; # SSL connect to server my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new( PeerAddr => .., SSL_verify_mode => ..., ... ) or die "ssl connect failed: $!,$SSL_ERROR"; # clone server certificate my ($cert,$key) = $mitm->clone_cert( $server->peer_certificate ); # and upgrade client side to SSL with cloned certificate IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client, SSL_server => 1, SSL_cert => $cert, SSL_key => $key ) or die "upgrade failed: $SSL_ERROR"; # now transfer data between $client and $server and analyze # the unencrypted data ... } =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provides functionality to clone certificates and sign them with a proxy certificate, thus making it easy to intercept SSL connections (man in the middle). It also manages a cache of the generated certificates. =head1 How Intercepting SSL Works Intercepting SSL connections is useful for analyzing encrypted traffic for security reasons or for testing. It does not break the end-to-end security of SSL, e.g. a properly written client will notice the interception unless you explicitly configure the client to trust your interceptor. Intercepting SSL works the following way: =over 4 =item * Create a new CA certificate, which will be used to sign the cloned certificates. This proxy CA certificate should be trusted by the client, or (a properly written client) will throw error messages or deny the connections because it detected a man in the middle attack. Due to the way the interception works there no support for client side certificates is possible. Using openssl such a proxy CA certificate and private key can be created with: openssl genrsa -out proxy_key.pem 1024 openssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -key proxy_key.pem -out proxy_cert.pem # export as PKCS12 for import into browser openssl pkcs12 -export -in proxy_cert.pem -inkey proxy_key.pem -out proxy_cert.p12 =item * Configure client to connect to use intercepting proxy or somehow redirect connections from client to the proxy (e.g. packet filter redirects, ARP or DNS spoofing etc). =item * Accept the TCP connection from the client, e.g. don't do any SSL handshakes with the client yet. =item * Establish the SSL connection to the server and verify the servers certificate as usually. Then create a new certificate based on the original servers certificate, but signed by your proxy CA. This is the step where IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept helps. =item * Upgrade the TCP connection to the client to SSL using the cloned certificate from the server. If the client trusts your proxy CA it will accept the upgrade to SSL. =item * Transfer data between client and server. While the connections to client and server are both encrypted with SSL you will read/write the unencrypted data in your proxy application. =back =head1 METHODS IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept helps creating the cloned certificate with the following methods: =over 4 =item B<< $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->new(%args) >> This creates a new interceptor object. C<%args> should be =over 8 =item proxy_cert X509 | proxy_cert_file filename This is the proxy certificate. It can be either given by an X509 object from Ls internal representation, or using a file in PEM format. =item proxy_key EVP_PKEY | proxy_key_file filename This is the key for the proxy certificate. It can be either given by an EVP_PKEY object from Ls internal representation, or using a file in PEM format. The key should not have a passphrase. =item pubkey EVP_PKEY | pubkey_file filename This optional argument specifies the public key used for the cloned certificate. It can be either given by an EVP_PKEY object from Ls internal representation, or using a file in PEM format. If not given it will create a new public key on each call of C. =item serial INTEGER|CODE This optional argument gives the starting point for the serial numbers of the newly created certificates. If not set the serial number will be created based on the digest of the original certificate. If the value is code it will be called with C<< serial(original_cert,CERT_asHash(original_cert)) >> and should return the new serial number. =item cache HASH | SUBROUTINE This optional argument gives a way to cache created certificates, so that they don't get recreated on future accesses to the same host. If the argument ist not given an internal HASH ist used. If the argument is a hash it will store for each generated certificate a hash reference with C and C in the hash, where C is the time of last access (to expire unused entries) and C is the certificate. Please note, that the certificate is in Ls internal X509 format and can thus not be simply dumped and restored. The key for the hash is an C either given to C or generated from the original certificate. If the argument is a subroutine it will be called as C<< $cache->(ident,sub) >>. This call should return either an existing (cached) C<< (cert,key) >> or call C without arguments to create a new C<< (cert,key) >>, store it and return it. If called with C<< $cache->('type') >> the function should just return 1 to signal that it supports the current type of cache. If it reutrns nothing instead the older cache interface is assumed for compatibility reasons. =back =item B<< ($clone_cert,$key) = $mitm->clone_cert($original_cert,[ $ident ]) >> This clones the given certificate. An ident as the key into the cache can be given (like C), if not it will be created from the properties of the original certificate. It returns the cloned certificate and its key (which is the same for alle created certificates). =item B<< $string = $mitm->serialize >> This creates a serialized version of the object (e.g. a string) which can then be used to persistantly store created certificates over restarts of the application. The cache will only be serialized if it is a HASH. To work together with L the C function is defined to call C. =item B<< $mitm = IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept->unserialize($string) >> This restores an Intercept object from a serialized string. To work together with L the C function is defined to call C. =back =head1 AUTHOR Steffen Ullrich Socket/SSL/PublicSuffix.pm000064400000660246152530073610011416 0ustar00 use strict; use warnings; package IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix; use Carp; # for updates use constant URL => 'http://publicsuffix.org/list/effective_tld_names.dat'; =head1 NAME IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix - provide access to Mozilla's list of effective TLD names =head1 SYNOPSIS # use builtin default use IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix; $ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->default; # load from string $ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_string("*.uk\n*"); # load from file or file handle $ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_file($filename); $ps = IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix->from_file(\*STDIN); # --- string in -> string out # $rest -> whatever.host # $tld -> co.uk my ($rest,$tld) = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk'); my $tld = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk'); # $root_domain -> host.co.uk my $root_domain = $ps->public_suffix('whatever.host.co.uk', 1); # --- array in -> array out # $rest -> [qw(whatever host)] # $tld -> [qw(co uk)] my ($rest,$tld) = $ps->public_suffix([qw(whatever host co uk)]); ---- # To update this file with the current list: perl -MIO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix -e 'IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix::update_self_from_url()' =head1 DESCRIPTION This module uses the list of effective top level domain names from the mozilla project to determine the public top level domain for a given hostname. =head2 Method =over 4 =item class->default(%args) Returns object with builtin default. C can be given in C<%args> to specify the minimal suffix, default is 1. =item class->from_string(string,%args) Returns object with configuration from string. See method C for C<%args>. =item class->from_file( file name| file handle, %args ) Returns object with configuration from file or file handle. See method C for C<%args>. =item $self->public_suffix( $host|\@host, [ $add ] ) In array context the function returns the non-tld part and the tld part of the given hostname, in scalar context only the tld part. It adds C<$add> parts of the non-tld part to the tld, e.g. with C<$add=1> it will return the root domain. If there were no explicit matches against the public suffix configuration it will fall back to a suffix of length 1. The function accepts a string or an array-ref (e.g. host split by C<.>). In the first case it will return string(s), in the latter case array-ref(s). International hostnames or labels can be in ASCII (IDNA form starting with C) or unicode. In the latter case an IDNA handling library like L, L or recent versions of L need to be installed. =item ($self|class)->can_idn Returns true if IDN support is available. =back =head1 FILES http://publicsuffix.org/list/effective_tld_names.dat =head1 SEE ALSO Domain::PublicSuffix, Mozilla::PublicSuffix =head1 BUGS Q: Why yet another module, we already have L and L. A: Because the public suffix data change more often than these modules do, IO::Socket::SSL needs this list and it is more easy this way to keep it up-to-date. =head1 AUTHOR Steffen Ullrich =cut BEGIN { if ( eval { require URI::_idna; defined &URI::_idna::encode && defined &URI::_idna::decode }) { *idn_to_ascii = \&URI::_idna::encode; *idn_to_unicode = \&URI::_idna::decode; *can_idn = sub { 1 }; } elsif ( eval { require Net::IDN::Encode } ) { *idn_to_ascii = \&Net::IDN::Encode::domain_to_ascii; *idn_to_unicode = \&Net::IDN::Encode::domain_to_unicode; *can_idn = sub { 1 }; } elsif ( eval { require Net::LibIDN; require Encode } ) { # Net::LibIDN does not use utf-8 flag and expects raw data *idn_to_ascii = sub { Net::LibIDN::idn_to_ascii(Encode::encode('utf-8',$_[0]),'utf-8'); }, *idn_to_unicode = sub { Encode::decode('utf-8',Net::LibIDN::idn_to_unicode($_[0],'utf-8')); }, *can_idn = sub { 1 }; } else { *idn_to_ascii = sub { croak "idn_to_ascii(@_) - no IDNA library installed" }; *idn_to_unicode = sub { croak "idn_to_unicode(@_) - no IDNA library installed" }; *can_idn = sub { 0 }; } } { my %default; sub default { my (undef,%args) = @_; my $min_suffix = delete $args{min_suffix}; $min_suffix = 1 if ! defined $min_suffix; %args and die "unknown args: ".join(" ",sort keys %args); return $default{$min_suffix} ||= shift->from_string(_default_data(), min_suffix => $min_suffix); } } sub from_string { my $class = shift; my $data = shift; open( my $fh,'<', \$data ); return $class->from_file($fh,@_); } sub from_file { my ($class,$file,%args) = @_; my $min_suffix = delete $args{min_suffix}; $min_suffix = 1 if ! defined $min_suffix; %args and die "unknown args: ".join(" ",sort keys %args); my $fh; if ( ref($file)) { $fh = $file } elsif ( ! open($fh,'<',$file)) { die "failed to open $file: $!"; } my %tree; local $/ = "\n"; while ( my $line = <$fh>) { $line =~s{//.*}{}; $line =~s{\s+$}{}; $line eq '' and next; my $p = \%tree; $line = idn_to_ascii($line) if $line !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]*\Z}; my $not = $line =~s{^!}{}; my @path = split(m{\.},$line); for(reverse @path) { $p = $p->{$_} ||= {} } $p->{'\0'} = $not ? -1:1; } return bless { tree => \%tree, min_suffix => $min_suffix },$class; } sub public_suffix { my ($self,$name,$add) = @_; my $want; # [a]rray, [s]tring, [u]nicode-string if ( ref($name)) { $want = 'a'; $name = [ @$name ]; # don't change input } else { return if ! defined $name; if ( $name !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]*\Z} ) { $name = idn_to_ascii($name); $want = 'u'; } else { $want = 's'; } $name = lc($name); $name =~s{\.$}{}; $name = [ $name =~m{([^.]+)}g ]; } @$name or return; $_ = lc($_) for(@$name); my (%wild,%host,%xcept,@stack,$choices); my $p = $self->{tree}; for( my $i=0; $i<@$name; $i++ ) { $choices = []; if ( my $px = $p->{ $name->[$#$name-$i] } ) { # name match, continue with next path element push @$choices,$px; if ( my $end = $px->{'\0'} ) { ( $end>0 ? \%host : \%xcept )->{$i+1} = $end; } } if ( my $px = $p->{'*'} ) { # wildcard match, continue with next path element push @$choices,$px; if ( my $end = $px->{'\0'} ) { ( $end>0 ? \%wild : \%xcept )->{$i+1} = $end; } } next_choice: if ( @$choices ) { $p = shift(@$choices); push @stack, [ $choices, $i ] if @$choices; next; # go deeper } # backtrack @stack or last; ($choices,$i) = @{ pop(@stack) }; goto next_choice; } #warn Dumper([\%wild,\%host,\%xcept]); use Data::Dumper; # remove all exceptions from wildcards delete @wild{ keys %xcept } if %xcept; # get longest match my ($len) = sort { $b <=> $a } ( keys(%wild), keys(%host), map { $_-1 } keys(%xcept)); # if we have no matches use a minimum of min_suffix $len = $self->{min_suffix} if ! defined $len; $len += $add if $add; my $suffix; if ( $len < @$name ) { $suffix = [ splice( @$name, -$len, $len ) ]; } elsif ( $len > 0 ) { $suffix = $name; $name = [] } else { $suffix = [] } if ( $want ne 'a' ) { $suffix = join('.',@$suffix); $name = join('.',@$name); if ( $want eq 'u' ) { $suffix = idn_to_unicode($suffix); $name = idn_to_unicode($name); } } return wantarray ? ($name,$suffix):$suffix; } { my $data; sub _default_data { if ( ! defined $data ) { $data = _builtin_data(); $data =~s{^// ===END ICANN DOMAINS.*}{}ms or die "cannot find END ICANN DOMAINS"; } return $data; } } sub update_self_from_url { my $url = shift || URL(); my $dst = __FILE__; -w $dst or die "cannot write $dst"; open( my $fh,'<',$dst ) or die "open $dst: $!"; my $code = ''; local $/ = "\n"; while (<$fh>) { $code .= $_; m{<<\'END_BUILTIN_DATA\'} and last; } my $tail; while (<$fh>) { m{\AEND_BUILTIN_DATA\r?\n} or next; $tail = $_; last; } $tail .= do { local $/; <$fh> }; close($fh); require LWP::UserAgent; my $resp = LWP::UserAgent->new->get($url) or die "no response from $url"; die "no success url=$url code=".$resp->code." ".$resp->message if ! $resp->is_success; my $content = $resp->decoded_content; while ( $content =~m{(.*\n)}g ) { my $line = $1; if ( $line =~m{\S} && $line !~m{\A\s*//} ) { $line =~s{//.*}{}; $line =~s{\s+$}{}; $line eq '' and next; if ( $line !~m{\A[\x00-\x7f]+\Z} ) { $line = idn_to_ascii($line); } $code .= "$line\n"; } else { $code .= "$line"; } } open( $fh,'>:utf8',$dst ) or die "open $dst: $!"; print $fh $code.$tail; } sub _builtin_data { return <<'END_BUILTIN_DATA' } // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. // Please pull this list from, and only from https://publicsuffix.org/list/public_suffix_list.dat, // rather than any other VCS sites. Pulling from any other URL is not guaranteed to be supported. // Instructions on pulling and using this list can be found at https://publicsuffix.org/list/. // ===BEGIN ICANN DOMAINS=== // ac : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac ac com.ac edu.ac gov.ac net.ac mil.ac org.ac // ad : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ad ad nom.ad // ae : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ae // see also: "Domain Name Eligibility Policy" at http://www.aeda.ae/eng/aepolicy.php ae co.ae net.ae org.ae sch.ae ac.ae gov.ae mil.ae // aero : see https://www.information.aero/index.php?id=66 aero accident-investigation.aero accident-prevention.aero aerobatic.aero aeroclub.aero aerodrome.aero agents.aero aircraft.aero airline.aero airport.aero air-surveillance.aero airtraffic.aero air-traffic-control.aero ambulance.aero amusement.aero association.aero author.aero ballooning.aero broker.aero caa.aero cargo.aero catering.aero certification.aero championship.aero charter.aero civilaviation.aero club.aero conference.aero consultant.aero consulting.aero control.aero council.aero crew.aero design.aero dgca.aero educator.aero emergency.aero engine.aero engineer.aero entertainment.aero equipment.aero exchange.aero express.aero federation.aero flight.aero freight.aero fuel.aero gliding.aero government.aero groundhandling.aero group.aero hanggliding.aero homebuilt.aero insurance.aero journal.aero journalist.aero leasing.aero logistics.aero magazine.aero maintenance.aero media.aero microlight.aero modelling.aero navigation.aero parachuting.aero paragliding.aero passenger-association.aero pilot.aero press.aero production.aero recreation.aero repbody.aero res.aero research.aero rotorcraft.aero safety.aero scientist.aero services.aero show.aero skydiving.aero software.aero student.aero trader.aero trading.aero trainer.aero union.aero workinggroup.aero works.aero // af : http://www.nic.af/help.jsp af gov.af com.af org.af net.af edu.af // ag : http://www.nic.ag/prices.htm ag com.ag org.ag net.ag co.ag nom.ag // ai : http://nic.com.ai/ ai off.ai com.ai net.ai org.ai // al : http://www.ert.gov.al/ert_alb/faq_det.html?Id=31 al com.al edu.al gov.al mil.al net.al org.al // am : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.am am // ao : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ao // http://www.dns.ao/REGISTR.DOC ao ed.ao gv.ao og.ao co.ao pb.ao it.ao // aq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aq aq // ar : https://nic.ar/nic-argentina/normativa-vigente ar com.ar edu.ar gob.ar gov.ar int.ar mil.ar musica.ar net.ar org.ar tur.ar // arpa : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.arpa // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-18 arpa e164.arpa in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa iris.arpa uri.arpa urn.arpa // as : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.as as gov.as // asia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.asia asia // at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.at // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 at ac.at co.at gv.at or.at // au : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au // http://www.auda.org.au/ au // 2LDs com.au net.au org.au edu.au gov.au asn.au id.au // Historic 2LDs (closed to new registration, but sites still exist) info.au conf.au oz.au // CGDNs - http://www.cgdn.org.au/ act.au nsw.au nt.au qld.au sa.au tas.au vic.au wa.au // 3LDs act.edu.au nsw.edu.au nt.edu.au qld.edu.au sa.edu.au tas.edu.au vic.edu.au wa.edu.au // act.gov.au Bug 984824 - Removed at request of Greg Tankard // nsw.gov.au Bug 547985 - Removed at request of // nt.gov.au Bug 940478 - Removed at request of Greg Connors qld.gov.au sa.gov.au tas.gov.au vic.gov.au wa.gov.au // aw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aw aw com.aw // ax : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax ax // az : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.az az com.az net.az int.az gov.az org.az edu.az info.az pp.az mil.az name.az pro.az biz.az // ba : http://nic.ba/users_data/files/pravilnik_o_registraciji.pdf ba com.ba edu.ba gov.ba mil.ba net.ba org.ba // bb : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bb bb biz.bb co.bb com.bb edu.bb gov.bb info.bb net.bb org.bb store.bb tv.bb // bd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bd *.bd // be : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-08 be ac.be // bf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bf bf gov.bf // bg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bg // https://www.register.bg/user/static/rules/en/index.html bg a.bg b.bg c.bg d.bg e.bg f.bg g.bg h.bg i.bg j.bg k.bg l.bg m.bg n.bg o.bg p.bg q.bg r.bg s.bg t.bg u.bg v.bg w.bg x.bg y.bg z.bg 0.bg 1.bg 2.bg 3.bg 4.bg 5.bg 6.bg 7.bg 8.bg 9.bg // bh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bh bh com.bh edu.bh net.bh org.bh gov.bh // bi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bi // http://whois.nic.bi/ bi co.bi com.bi edu.bi or.bi org.bi // biz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.biz biz // bj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bj bj asso.bj barreau.bj gouv.bj // bm : http://www.bermudanic.bm/dnr-text.txt bm com.bm edu.bm gov.bm net.bm org.bm // bn : http://www.bnnic.bn/faqs bn com.bn edu.bn gov.bn net.bn org.bn // bo : https://nic.bo/delegacion2015.php#h-1.10 bo com.bo edu.bo gob.bo int.bo org.bo net.bo mil.bo tv.bo web.bo // Social Domains academia.bo agro.bo arte.bo blog.bo bolivia.bo ciencia.bo cooperativa.bo democracia.bo deporte.bo ecologia.bo economia.bo empresa.bo indigena.bo industria.bo info.bo medicina.bo movimiento.bo musica.bo natural.bo nombre.bo noticias.bo patria.bo politica.bo profesional.bo plurinacional.bo pueblo.bo revista.bo salud.bo tecnologia.bo tksat.bo transporte.bo wiki.bo // br : http://registro.br/dominio/categoria.html // Submitted by registry br 9guacu.br abc.br adm.br adv.br agr.br aju.br am.br anani.br aparecida.br arq.br art.br ato.br b.br barueri.br belem.br bhz.br bio.br blog.br bmd.br boavista.br bsb.br campinagrande.br campinas.br caxias.br cim.br cng.br cnt.br com.br contagem.br coop.br cri.br cuiaba.br curitiba.br def.br ecn.br eco.br edu.br emp.br eng.br esp.br etc.br eti.br far.br feira.br flog.br floripa.br fm.br fnd.br fortal.br fot.br foz.br fst.br g12.br ggf.br goiania.br gov.br // gov.br 26 states + df https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil ac.gov.br al.gov.br am.gov.br ap.gov.br ba.gov.br ce.gov.br df.gov.br es.gov.br go.gov.br ma.gov.br mg.gov.br ms.gov.br mt.gov.br pa.gov.br pb.gov.br pe.gov.br pi.gov.br pr.gov.br rj.gov.br rn.gov.br ro.gov.br rr.gov.br rs.gov.br sc.gov.br se.gov.br sp.gov.br to.gov.br gru.br imb.br ind.br inf.br jab.br jampa.br jdf.br joinville.br jor.br jus.br leg.br lel.br londrina.br macapa.br maceio.br manaus.br maringa.br mat.br med.br mil.br morena.br mp.br mus.br natal.br net.br niteroi.br *.nom.br not.br ntr.br odo.br ong.br org.br osasco.br palmas.br poa.br ppg.br pro.br psc.br psi.br pvh.br qsl.br radio.br rec.br recife.br ribeirao.br rio.br riobranco.br riopreto.br salvador.br sampa.br santamaria.br santoandre.br saobernardo.br saogonca.br sjc.br slg.br slz.br sorocaba.br srv.br taxi.br teo.br the.br tmp.br trd.br tur.br tv.br udi.br vet.br vix.br vlog.br wiki.br zlg.br // bs : http://www.nic.bs/rules.html bs com.bs net.bs org.bs edu.bs gov.bs // bt : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bt bt com.bt edu.bt gov.bt net.bt org.bt // bv : No registrations at this time. // Submitted by registry bv // bw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bw // http://www.gobin.info/domainname/bw.doc // list of other 2nd level tlds ? bw co.bw org.bw // by : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.by // http://tld.by/rules_2006_en.html // list of other 2nd level tlds ? by gov.by mil.by // Official information does not indicate that com.by is a reserved // second-level domain, but it's being used as one (see www.google.com.by and // www.yahoo.com.by, for example), so we list it here for safety's sake. com.by // http://hoster.by/ of.by // bz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bz // http://www.belizenic.bz/ bz com.bz net.bz org.bz edu.bz gov.bz // ca : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca ca // ca geographical names ab.ca bc.ca mb.ca nb.ca nf.ca nl.ca ns.ca nt.ca nu.ca on.ca pe.ca qc.ca sk.ca yk.ca // gc.ca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gc.ca // see also: http://registry.gc.ca/en/SubdomainFAQ gc.ca // cat : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cat cat // cc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc cc // cd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cd // see also: https://www.nic.cd/domain/insertDomain_2.jsp?act=1 cd gov.cd // cf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cf cf // cg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cg cg // ch : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch ch // ci : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ci // http://www.nic.ci/index.php?page=charte ci org.ci or.ci com.ci co.ci edu.ci ed.ci ac.ci net.ci go.ci asso.ci xn--aroport-bya.ci int.ci presse.ci md.ci gouv.ci // ck : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ck *.ck !www.ck // cl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cl cl gov.cl gob.cl co.cl mil.cl // cm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cm plus bug 981927 cm co.cm com.cm gov.cm net.cm // cn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn // Submitted by registry cn ac.cn com.cn edu.cn gov.cn net.cn org.cn mil.cn xn--55qx5d.cn xn--io0a7i.cn xn--od0alg.cn // cn geographic names ah.cn bj.cn cq.cn fj.cn gd.cn gs.cn gz.cn gx.cn ha.cn hb.cn he.cn hi.cn hl.cn hn.cn jl.cn js.cn jx.cn ln.cn nm.cn nx.cn qh.cn sc.cn sd.cn sh.cn sn.cn sx.cn tj.cn xj.cn xz.cn yn.cn zj.cn hk.cn mo.cn tw.cn // co : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.co // Submitted by registry co arts.co com.co edu.co firm.co gov.co info.co int.co mil.co net.co nom.co org.co rec.co web.co // com : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com com // coop : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.coop coop // cr : http://www.nic.cr/niccr_publico/showRegistroDominiosScreen.do cr ac.cr co.cr ed.cr fi.cr go.cr or.cr sa.cr // cu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cu cu com.cu edu.cu org.cu net.cu gov.cu inf.cu // cv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cv cv // cw : http://www.una.cw/cw_registry/ // Confirmed by registry 2013-03-26 cw com.cw edu.cw net.cw org.cw // cx : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cx // list of other 2nd level tlds ? cx gov.cx // cy : http://www.nic.cy/ // Submitted by registry Panayiotou Fotia cy ac.cy biz.cy com.cy ekloges.cy gov.cy ltd.cy name.cy net.cy org.cy parliament.cy press.cy pro.cy tm.cy // cz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cz cz // de : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de // Confirmed by registry (with technical // reservations) 2008-07-01 de // dj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dj dj // dk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dk // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 dk // dm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dm dm com.dm net.dm org.dm edu.dm gov.dm // do : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.do do art.do com.do edu.do gob.do gov.do mil.do net.do org.do sld.do web.do // dz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dz dz com.dz org.dz net.dz gov.dz edu.dz asso.dz pol.dz art.dz // ec : http://www.nic.ec/reg/paso1.asp // Submitted by registry ec com.ec info.ec net.ec fin.ec k12.ec med.ec pro.ec org.ec edu.ec gov.ec gob.ec mil.ec // edu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.edu edu // ee : http://www.eenet.ee/EENet/dom_reeglid.html#lisa_B ee edu.ee gov.ee riik.ee lib.ee med.ee com.ee pri.ee aip.ee org.ee fie.ee // eg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg eg com.eg edu.eg eun.eg gov.eg mil.eg name.eg net.eg org.eg sci.eg // er : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.er *.er // es : https://www.nic.es/site_ingles/ingles/dominios/index.html es com.es nom.es org.es gob.es edu.es // et : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.et et com.et gov.et org.et edu.et biz.et name.et info.et net.et // eu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu eu // fi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi fi // aland.fi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax // This domain is being phased out in favor of .ax. As there are still many // domains under aland.fi, we still keep it on the list until aland.fi is // completely removed. // TODO: Check for updates (expected to be phased out around Q1/2009) aland.fi // fj : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fj *.fj // fk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fk *.fk // fm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fm fm // fo : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fo fo // fr : http://www.afnic.fr/ // domaines descriptifs : http://www.afnic.fr/obtenir/chartes/nommage-fr/annexe-descriptifs fr com.fr asso.fr nom.fr prd.fr presse.fr tm.fr // domaines sectoriels : http://www.afnic.fr/obtenir/chartes/nommage-fr/annexe-sectoriels aeroport.fr assedic.fr avocat.fr avoues.fr cci.fr chambagri.fr chirurgiens-dentistes.fr experts-comptables.fr geometre-expert.fr gouv.fr greta.fr huissier-justice.fr medecin.fr notaires.fr pharmacien.fr port.fr veterinaire.fr // ga : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ga ga // gb : This registry is effectively dormant // Submitted by registry gb // gd : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gd gd // ge : http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf ge com.ge edu.ge gov.ge org.ge mil.ge net.ge pvt.ge // gf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gf gf // gg : http://www.channelisles.net/register-domains/ // Confirmed by registry 2013-11-28 gg co.gg net.gg org.gg // gh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gh // see also: http://www.nic.gh/reg_now.php // Although domains directly at second level are not possible at the moment, // they have been possible for some time and may come back. gh com.gh edu.gh gov.gh org.gh mil.gh // gi : http://www.nic.gi/rules.html gi com.gi ltd.gi gov.gi mod.gi edu.gi org.gi // gl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gl // http://nic.gl gl co.gl com.gl edu.gl net.gl org.gl // gm : http://www.nic.gm/htmlpages%5Cgm-policy.htm gm // gn : http://psg.com/dns/gn/gn.txt // Submitted by registry gn ac.gn com.gn edu.gn gov.gn org.gn net.gn // gov : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gov gov // gp : http://www.nic.gp/index.php?lang=en gp com.gp net.gp mobi.gp edu.gp org.gp asso.gp // gq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gq gq // gr : https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/english/1617-B-2005.html // Submitted by registry gr com.gr edu.gr net.gr org.gr gov.gr // gs : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gs gs // gt : http://www.gt/politicas_de_registro.html gt com.gt edu.gt gob.gt ind.gt mil.gt net.gt org.gt // gu : http://gadao.gov.gu/register.html // University of Guam : https://www.uog.edu // Submitted by uognoc@triton.uog.edu gu com.gu edu.gu gov.gu guam.gu info.gu net.gu org.gu web.gu // gw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gw gw // gy : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gy // http://registry.gy/ gy co.gy com.gy edu.gy gov.gy net.gy org.gy // hk : https://www.hkirc.hk // Submitted by registry hk com.hk edu.hk gov.hk idv.hk net.hk org.hk xn--55qx5d.hk xn--wcvs22d.hk xn--lcvr32d.hk xn--mxtq1m.hk xn--gmqw5a.hk xn--ciqpn.hk xn--gmq050i.hk xn--zf0avx.hk xn--io0a7i.hk xn--mk0axi.hk xn--od0alg.hk xn--od0aq3b.hk xn--tn0ag.hk xn--uc0atv.hk xn--uc0ay4a.hk // hm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hm hm // hn : http://www.nic.hn/politicas/ps02,,05.html hn com.hn edu.hn org.hn net.hn mil.hn gob.hn // hr : http://www.dns.hr/documents/pdf/HRTLD-regulations.pdf hr iz.hr from.hr name.hr com.hr // ht : http://www.nic.ht/info/charte.cfm ht com.ht shop.ht firm.ht info.ht adult.ht net.ht pro.ht org.ht med.ht art.ht coop.ht pol.ht asso.ht edu.ht rel.ht gouv.ht perso.ht // hu : http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/sld.html // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-12 hu co.hu info.hu org.hu priv.hu sport.hu tm.hu 2000.hu agrar.hu bolt.hu casino.hu city.hu erotica.hu erotika.hu film.hu forum.hu games.hu hotel.hu ingatlan.hu jogasz.hu konyvelo.hu lakas.hu media.hu news.hu reklam.hu sex.hu shop.hu suli.hu szex.hu tozsde.hu utazas.hu video.hu // id : https://pandi.id/en/domain/registration-requirements/ id ac.id biz.id co.id desa.id go.id mil.id my.id net.id or.id ponpes.id sch.id web.id // ie : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie ie gov.ie // il : http://www.isoc.org.il/domains/ il ac.il co.il gov.il idf.il k12.il muni.il net.il org.il // im : https://www.nic.im/ // Submitted by registry im ac.im co.im com.im ltd.co.im net.im org.im plc.co.im tt.im tv.im // in : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in // see also: https://registry.in/Policies // Please note, that nic.in is not an official eTLD, but used by most // government institutions. in co.in firm.in net.in org.in gen.in ind.in nic.in ac.in edu.in res.in gov.in mil.in // info : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.info info // int : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-18 int eu.int // io : http://www.nic.io/rules.html // list of other 2nd level tlds ? io com.io // iq : http://www.cmc.iq/english/iq/iqregister1.htm iq gov.iq edu.iq mil.iq com.iq org.iq net.iq // ir : http://www.nic.ir/Terms_and_Conditions_ir,_Appendix_1_Domain_Rules // Also see http://www.nic.ir/Internationalized_Domain_Names // Two .ir entries added at request of , 2010-04-16 ir ac.ir co.ir gov.ir id.ir net.ir org.ir sch.ir // xn--mgba3a4f16a.ir (.ir, Persian YEH) xn--mgba3a4f16a.ir // xn--mgba3a4fra.ir (.ir, Arabic YEH) xn--mgba3a4fra.ir // is : http://www.isnic.is/domain/rules.php // Confirmed by registry 2008-12-06 is net.is com.is edu.is gov.is org.is int.is // it : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it it gov.it edu.it // Reserved geo-names (regions and provinces): // http://www.nic.it/sites/default/files/docs/Regulation_assignation_v7.1.pdf // Regions abr.it abruzzo.it aosta-valley.it aostavalley.it bas.it basilicata.it cal.it calabria.it cam.it campania.it emilia-romagna.it emiliaromagna.it emr.it friuli-v-giulia.it friuli-ve-giulia.it friuli-vegiulia.it friuli-venezia-giulia.it friuli-veneziagiulia.it friuli-vgiulia.it friuliv-giulia.it friulive-giulia.it friulivegiulia.it friulivenezia-giulia.it friuliveneziagiulia.it friulivgiulia.it fvg.it laz.it lazio.it lig.it liguria.it lom.it lombardia.it lombardy.it lucania.it mar.it marche.it mol.it molise.it piedmont.it piemonte.it pmn.it pug.it puglia.it sar.it sardegna.it sardinia.it sic.it sicilia.it sicily.it taa.it tos.it toscana.it trentin-sud-tirol.it xn--trentin-sd-tirol-rzb.it trentin-sudtirol.it xn--trentin-sdtirol-7vb.it trentin-sued-tirol.it trentin-suedtirol.it trentino-a-adige.it trentino-aadige.it trentino-alto-adige.it trentino-altoadige.it trentino-s-tirol.it trentino-stirol.it trentino-sud-tirol.it xn--trentino-sd-tirol-c3b.it trentino-sudtirol.it xn--trentino-sdtirol-szb.it trentino-sued-tirol.it trentino-suedtirol.it trentino.it trentinoa-adige.it trentinoaadige.it trentinoalto-adige.it trentinoaltoadige.it trentinos-tirol.it trentinostirol.it trentinosud-tirol.it xn--trentinosd-tirol-rzb.it trentinosudtirol.it xn--trentinosdtirol-7vb.it trentinosued-tirol.it trentinosuedtirol.it trentinsud-tirol.it xn--trentinsd-tirol-6vb.it trentinsudtirol.it xn--trentinsdtirol-nsb.it trentinsued-tirol.it trentinsuedtirol.it tuscany.it umb.it umbria.it val-d-aosta.it val-daosta.it vald-aosta.it valdaosta.it valle-aosta.it valle-d-aosta.it valle-daosta.it valleaosta.it valled-aosta.it valledaosta.it vallee-aoste.it xn--valle-aoste-ebb.it vallee-d-aoste.it xn--valle-d-aoste-ehb.it valleeaoste.it xn--valleaoste-e7a.it valleedaoste.it xn--valledaoste-ebb.it vao.it vda.it ven.it veneto.it // Provinces ag.it agrigento.it al.it alessandria.it alto-adige.it altoadige.it an.it ancona.it andria-barletta-trani.it andria-trani-barletta.it andriabarlettatrani.it andriatranibarletta.it ao.it aosta.it aoste.it ap.it aq.it aquila.it ar.it arezzo.it ascoli-piceno.it ascolipiceno.it asti.it at.it av.it avellino.it ba.it balsan-sudtirol.it xn--balsan-sdtirol-nsb.it balsan-suedtirol.it balsan.it bari.it barletta-trani-andria.it barlettatraniandria.it belluno.it benevento.it bergamo.it bg.it bi.it biella.it bl.it bn.it bo.it bologna.it bolzano-altoadige.it bolzano.it bozen-sudtirol.it xn--bozen-sdtirol-2ob.it bozen-suedtirol.it bozen.it br.it brescia.it brindisi.it bs.it bt.it bulsan-sudtirol.it xn--bulsan-sdtirol-nsb.it bulsan-suedtirol.it bulsan.it bz.it ca.it cagliari.it caltanissetta.it campidano-medio.it campidanomedio.it campobasso.it carbonia-iglesias.it carboniaiglesias.it carrara-massa.it carraramassa.it caserta.it catania.it catanzaro.it cb.it ce.it cesena-forli.it xn--cesena-forl-mcb.it cesenaforli.it xn--cesenaforl-i8a.it ch.it chieti.it ci.it cl.it cn.it co.it como.it cosenza.it cr.it cremona.it crotone.it cs.it ct.it cuneo.it cz.it dell-ogliastra.it dellogliastra.it en.it enna.it fc.it fe.it fermo.it ferrara.it fg.it fi.it firenze.it florence.it fm.it foggia.it forli-cesena.it xn--forl-cesena-fcb.it forlicesena.it xn--forlcesena-c8a.it fr.it frosinone.it ge.it genoa.it genova.it go.it gorizia.it gr.it grosseto.it iglesias-carbonia.it iglesiascarbonia.it im.it imperia.it is.it isernia.it kr.it la-spezia.it laquila.it laspezia.it latina.it lc.it le.it lecce.it lecco.it li.it livorno.it lo.it lodi.it lt.it lu.it lucca.it macerata.it mantova.it massa-carrara.it massacarrara.it matera.it mb.it mc.it me.it medio-campidano.it mediocampidano.it messina.it mi.it milan.it milano.it mn.it mo.it modena.it monza-brianza.it monza-e-della-brianza.it monza.it monzabrianza.it monzaebrianza.it monzaedellabrianza.it ms.it mt.it na.it naples.it napoli.it no.it novara.it nu.it nuoro.it og.it ogliastra.it olbia-tempio.it olbiatempio.it or.it oristano.it ot.it pa.it padova.it padua.it palermo.it parma.it pavia.it pc.it pd.it pe.it perugia.it pesaro-urbino.it pesarourbino.it pescara.it pg.it pi.it piacenza.it pisa.it pistoia.it pn.it po.it pordenone.it potenza.it pr.it prato.it pt.it pu.it pv.it pz.it ra.it ragusa.it ravenna.it rc.it re.it reggio-calabria.it reggio-emilia.it reggiocalabria.it reggioemilia.it rg.it ri.it rieti.it rimini.it rm.it rn.it ro.it roma.it rome.it rovigo.it sa.it salerno.it sassari.it savona.it si.it siena.it siracusa.it so.it sondrio.it sp.it sr.it ss.it suedtirol.it xn--sdtirol-n2a.it sv.it ta.it taranto.it te.it tempio-olbia.it tempioolbia.it teramo.it terni.it tn.it to.it torino.it tp.it tr.it trani-andria-barletta.it trani-barletta-andria.it traniandriabarletta.it tranibarlettaandria.it trapani.it trento.it treviso.it trieste.it ts.it turin.it tv.it ud.it udine.it urbino-pesaro.it urbinopesaro.it va.it varese.it vb.it vc.it ve.it venezia.it venice.it verbania.it vercelli.it verona.it vi.it vibo-valentia.it vibovalentia.it vicenza.it viterbo.it vr.it vs.it vt.it vv.it // je : http://www.channelisles.net/register-domains/ // Confirmed by registry 2013-11-28 je co.je net.je org.je // jm : http://www.com.jm/register.html *.jm // jo : http://www.dns.jo/Registration_policy.aspx jo com.jo org.jo net.jo edu.jo sch.jo gov.jo mil.jo name.jo // jobs : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jobs jobs // jp : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp // http://jprs.co.jp/en/jpdomain.html // Submitted by registry jp // jp organizational type names ac.jp ad.jp co.jp ed.jp go.jp gr.jp lg.jp ne.jp or.jp // jp prefecture type names aichi.jp akita.jp aomori.jp chiba.jp ehime.jp fukui.jp fukuoka.jp fukushima.jp gifu.jp gunma.jp hiroshima.jp hokkaido.jp hyogo.jp ibaraki.jp ishikawa.jp iwate.jp kagawa.jp kagoshima.jp kanagawa.jp kochi.jp kumamoto.jp kyoto.jp mie.jp miyagi.jp miyazaki.jp nagano.jp nagasaki.jp nara.jp niigata.jp oita.jp okayama.jp okinawa.jp osaka.jp saga.jp saitama.jp shiga.jp shimane.jp shizuoka.jp tochigi.jp tokushima.jp tokyo.jp tottori.jp toyama.jp wakayama.jp yamagata.jp yamaguchi.jp yamanashi.jp xn--4pvxs.jp xn--vgu402c.jp xn--c3s14m.jp xn--f6qx53a.jp xn--8pvr4u.jp xn--uist22h.jp xn--djrs72d6uy.jp xn--mkru45i.jp xn--0trq7p7nn.jp xn--8ltr62k.jp xn--2m4a15e.jp xn--efvn9s.jp xn--32vp30h.jp xn--4it797k.jp xn--1lqs71d.jp xn--5rtp49c.jp xn--5js045d.jp xn--ehqz56n.jp xn--1lqs03n.jp xn--qqqt11m.jp xn--kbrq7o.jp xn--pssu33l.jp xn--ntsq17g.jp xn--uisz3g.jp xn--6btw5a.jp xn--1ctwo.jp xn--6orx2r.jp xn--rht61e.jp xn--rht27z.jp xn--djty4k.jp xn--nit225k.jp xn--rht3d.jp xn--klty5x.jp xn--kltx9a.jp xn--kltp7d.jp xn--uuwu58a.jp xn--zbx025d.jp xn--ntso0iqx3a.jp xn--elqq16h.jp xn--4it168d.jp xn--klt787d.jp xn--rny31h.jp xn--7t0a264c.jp xn--5rtq34k.jp xn--k7yn95e.jp xn--tor131o.jp xn--d5qv7z876c.jp // jp geographic type names // http://jprs.jp/doc/rule/saisoku-1.html *.kawasaki.jp *.kitakyushu.jp *.kobe.jp *.nagoya.jp *.sapporo.jp *.sendai.jp *.yokohama.jp !city.kawasaki.jp !city.kitakyushu.jp !city.kobe.jp !city.nagoya.jp !city.sapporo.jp !city.sendai.jp !city.yokohama.jp // 4th level registration aisai.aichi.jp ama.aichi.jp anjo.aichi.jp asuke.aichi.jp chiryu.aichi.jp chita.aichi.jp fuso.aichi.jp gamagori.aichi.jp handa.aichi.jp hazu.aichi.jp hekinan.aichi.jp higashiura.aichi.jp ichinomiya.aichi.jp inazawa.aichi.jp inuyama.aichi.jp isshiki.aichi.jp iwakura.aichi.jp kanie.aichi.jp kariya.aichi.jp kasugai.aichi.jp kira.aichi.jp kiyosu.aichi.jp komaki.aichi.jp konan.aichi.jp kota.aichi.jp mihama.aichi.jp miyoshi.aichi.jp nishio.aichi.jp nisshin.aichi.jp obu.aichi.jp oguchi.aichi.jp oharu.aichi.jp okazaki.aichi.jp owariasahi.aichi.jp seto.aichi.jp shikatsu.aichi.jp shinshiro.aichi.jp shitara.aichi.jp tahara.aichi.jp takahama.aichi.jp tobishima.aichi.jp toei.aichi.jp togo.aichi.jp tokai.aichi.jp tokoname.aichi.jp toyoake.aichi.jp toyohashi.aichi.jp toyokawa.aichi.jp toyone.aichi.jp toyota.aichi.jp tsushima.aichi.jp yatomi.aichi.jp akita.akita.jp daisen.akita.jp fujisato.akita.jp gojome.akita.jp hachirogata.akita.jp happou.akita.jp higashinaruse.akita.jp honjo.akita.jp honjyo.akita.jp ikawa.akita.jp kamikoani.akita.jp kamioka.akita.jp katagami.akita.jp kazuno.akita.jp kitaakita.akita.jp kosaka.akita.jp kyowa.akita.jp misato.akita.jp mitane.akita.jp moriyoshi.akita.jp nikaho.akita.jp noshiro.akita.jp odate.akita.jp oga.akita.jp ogata.akita.jp semboku.akita.jp yokote.akita.jp yurihonjo.akita.jp aomori.aomori.jp gonohe.aomori.jp hachinohe.aomori.jp hashikami.aomori.jp hiranai.aomori.jp hirosaki.aomori.jp itayanagi.aomori.jp kuroishi.aomori.jp misawa.aomori.jp mutsu.aomori.jp nakadomari.aomori.jp noheji.aomori.jp oirase.aomori.jp owani.aomori.jp rokunohe.aomori.jp sannohe.aomori.jp shichinohe.aomori.jp shingo.aomori.jp takko.aomori.jp towada.aomori.jp tsugaru.aomori.jp tsuruta.aomori.jp abiko.chiba.jp asahi.chiba.jp chonan.chiba.jp chosei.chiba.jp choshi.chiba.jp chuo.chiba.jp funabashi.chiba.jp futtsu.chiba.jp hanamigawa.chiba.jp ichihara.chiba.jp ichikawa.chiba.jp ichinomiya.chiba.jp inzai.chiba.jp isumi.chiba.jp kamagaya.chiba.jp kamogawa.chiba.jp kashiwa.chiba.jp katori.chiba.jp katsuura.chiba.jp kimitsu.chiba.jp kisarazu.chiba.jp kozaki.chiba.jp kujukuri.chiba.jp kyonan.chiba.jp matsudo.chiba.jp midori.chiba.jp mihama.chiba.jp minamiboso.chiba.jp mobara.chiba.jp mutsuzawa.chiba.jp nagara.chiba.jp nagareyama.chiba.jp narashino.chiba.jp narita.chiba.jp noda.chiba.jp oamishirasato.chiba.jp omigawa.chiba.jp onjuku.chiba.jp otaki.chiba.jp sakae.chiba.jp sakura.chiba.jp shimofusa.chiba.jp shirako.chiba.jp shiroi.chiba.jp shisui.chiba.jp sodegaura.chiba.jp sosa.chiba.jp tako.chiba.jp tateyama.chiba.jp togane.chiba.jp tohnosho.chiba.jp tomisato.chiba.jp urayasu.chiba.jp yachimata.chiba.jp yachiyo.chiba.jp yokaichiba.chiba.jp yokoshibahikari.chiba.jp yotsukaido.chiba.jp ainan.ehime.jp honai.ehime.jp ikata.ehime.jp imabari.ehime.jp iyo.ehime.jp kamijima.ehime.jp kihoku.ehime.jp kumakogen.ehime.jp masaki.ehime.jp matsuno.ehime.jp matsuyama.ehime.jp namikata.ehime.jp niihama.ehime.jp ozu.ehime.jp saijo.ehime.jp seiyo.ehime.jp shikokuchuo.ehime.jp tobe.ehime.jp toon.ehime.jp uchiko.ehime.jp uwajima.ehime.jp yawatahama.ehime.jp echizen.fukui.jp eiheiji.fukui.jp fukui.fukui.jp ikeda.fukui.jp katsuyama.fukui.jp mihama.fukui.jp minamiechizen.fukui.jp obama.fukui.jp ohi.fukui.jp ono.fukui.jp sabae.fukui.jp sakai.fukui.jp takahama.fukui.jp tsuruga.fukui.jp wakasa.fukui.jp ashiya.fukuoka.jp buzen.fukuoka.jp chikugo.fukuoka.jp chikuho.fukuoka.jp chikujo.fukuoka.jp chikushino.fukuoka.jp chikuzen.fukuoka.jp chuo.fukuoka.jp 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kn // http://www.dot.kn/domainRules.html kn net.kn org.kn edu.kn gov.kn // kp : http://www.kcce.kp/en_index.php kp com.kp edu.kp gov.kp org.kp rep.kp tra.kp // kr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr // see also: http://domain.nida.or.kr/eng/registration.jsp kr ac.kr co.kr es.kr go.kr hs.kr kg.kr mil.kr ms.kr ne.kr or.kr pe.kr re.kr sc.kr // kr geographical names busan.kr chungbuk.kr chungnam.kr daegu.kr daejeon.kr gangwon.kr gwangju.kr gyeongbuk.kr gyeonggi.kr gyeongnam.kr incheon.kr jeju.kr jeonbuk.kr jeonnam.kr seoul.kr ulsan.kr // kw : https://www.nic.kw/policies/ // Confirmed by registry kw com.kw edu.kw emb.kw gov.kw ind.kw net.kw org.kw // ky : http://www.icta.ky/da_ky_reg_dom.php // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 ky edu.ky gov.ky com.ky org.ky net.ky // kz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kz // see also: http://www.nic.kz/rules/index.jsp kz org.kz edu.kz net.kz gov.kz mil.kz com.kz // la : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.la // Submitted by registry la int.la net.la info.la edu.la gov.la per.la com.la org.la // lb : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lb // Submitted by registry lb com.lb edu.lb gov.lb net.lb org.lb // lc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lc // see also: http://www.nic.lc/rules.htm lc com.lc net.lc co.lc org.lc edu.lc gov.lc // li : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.li li // lk : http://www.nic.lk/seclevpr.html lk gov.lk sch.lk net.lk int.lk com.lk org.lk edu.lk ngo.lk soc.lk web.lk ltd.lk assn.lk grp.lk hotel.lk ac.lk // lr : http://psg.com/dns/lr/lr.txt // Submitted by registry lr com.lr edu.lr gov.lr org.lr net.lr // ls : http://www.nic.ls/ // Confirmed by registry ls ac.ls biz.ls co.ls edu.ls gov.ls info.ls net.ls org.ls sc.ls // lt : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lt lt // gov.lt : http://www.gov.lt/index_en.php gov.lt // lu : http://www.dns.lu/en/ lu // lv : http://www.nic.lv/DNS/En/generic.php lv com.lv edu.lv gov.lv org.lv mil.lv id.lv net.lv asn.lv conf.lv // ly : http://www.nic.ly/regulations.php ly com.ly net.ly gov.ly plc.ly edu.ly sch.ly med.ly org.ly id.ly // ma : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ma // http://www.anrt.ma/fr/admin/download/upload/file_fr782.pdf ma co.ma net.ma gov.ma org.ma ac.ma press.ma // mc : http://www.nic.mc/ mc tm.mc asso.mc // md : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.md md // me : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me me co.me net.me org.me edu.me ac.me gov.me its.me priv.me // mg : http://nic.mg/nicmg/?page_id=39 mg org.mg nom.mg gov.mg prd.mg tm.mg edu.mg mil.mg com.mg co.mg // mh : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mh mh // mil : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mil mil // mk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mk // see also: http://dns.marnet.net.mk/postapka.php mk com.mk org.mk net.mk edu.mk gov.mk inf.mk name.mk // ml : http://www.gobin.info/domainname/ml-template.doc // see also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ml ml com.ml edu.ml gouv.ml gov.ml net.ml org.ml presse.ml // mm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mm *.mm // mn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mn mn gov.mn edu.mn org.mn // mo : http://www.monic.net.mo/ mo com.mo net.mo org.mo edu.mo gov.mo // mobi : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mobi mobi // mp : http://www.dot.mp/ // Confirmed by registry 2008-06-17 mp // mq : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mq mq // mr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mr mr gov.mr // ms : http://www.nic.ms/pdf/MS_Domain_Name_Rules.pdf ms com.ms edu.ms gov.ms net.ms org.ms // mt : https://www.nic.org.mt/go/policy // Submitted by registry mt com.mt edu.mt net.mt org.mt // mu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mu mu com.mu net.mu org.mu gov.mu ac.mu co.mu or.mu // museum : http://about.museum/naming/ // http://index.museum/ museum academy.museum agriculture.museum air.museum airguard.museum alabama.museum alaska.museum amber.museum ambulance.museum american.museum americana.museum americanantiques.museum americanart.museum amsterdam.museum and.museum annefrank.museum anthro.museum anthropology.museum antiques.museum aquarium.museum arboretum.museum archaeological.museum archaeology.museum architecture.museum art.museum artanddesign.museum artcenter.museum artdeco.museum arteducation.museum artgallery.museum arts.museum artsandcrafts.museum asmatart.museum assassination.museum assisi.museum association.museum astronomy.museum atlanta.museum austin.museum australia.museum automotive.museum aviation.museum axis.museum badajoz.museum baghdad.museum bahn.museum bale.museum baltimore.museum barcelona.museum baseball.museum basel.museum baths.museum bauern.museum beauxarts.museum beeldengeluid.museum bellevue.museum bergbau.museum berkeley.museum berlin.museum bern.museum bible.museum bilbao.museum bill.museum birdart.museum birthplace.museum bonn.museum boston.museum botanical.museum botanicalgarden.museum botanicgarden.museum botany.museum brandywinevalley.museum brasil.museum bristol.museum british.museum britishcolumbia.museum broadcast.museum brunel.museum brussel.museum brussels.museum bruxelles.museum building.museum burghof.museum bus.museum bushey.museum cadaques.museum california.museum cambridge.museum can.museum canada.museum capebreton.museum carrier.museum cartoonart.museum casadelamoneda.museum castle.museum castres.museum celtic.museum center.museum chattanooga.museum cheltenham.museum chesapeakebay.museum chicago.museum children.museum childrens.museum childrensgarden.museum chiropractic.museum chocolate.museum christiansburg.museum cincinnati.museum cinema.museum circus.museum civilisation.museum civilization.museum civilwar.museum clinton.museum clock.museum coal.museum coastaldefence.museum cody.museum coldwar.museum collection.museum colonialwilliamsburg.museum coloradoplateau.museum columbia.museum columbus.museum communication.museum communications.museum community.museum computer.museum computerhistory.museum xn--comunicaes-v6a2o.museum contemporary.museum contemporaryart.museum convent.museum copenhagen.museum corporation.museum xn--correios-e-telecomunicaes-ghc29a.museum corvette.museum costume.museum countryestate.museum county.museum crafts.museum cranbrook.museum creation.museum cultural.museum culturalcenter.museum culture.museum cyber.museum cymru.museum dali.museum dallas.museum database.museum ddr.museum decorativearts.museum delaware.museum delmenhorst.museum denmark.museum depot.museum design.museum detroit.museum dinosaur.museum discovery.museum dolls.museum donostia.museum durham.museum eastafrica.museum eastcoast.museum education.museum educational.museum egyptian.museum eisenbahn.museum elburg.museum elvendrell.museum embroidery.museum encyclopedic.museum england.museum entomology.museum environment.museum environmentalconservation.museum epilepsy.museum essex.museum estate.museum ethnology.museum exeter.museum exhibition.museum family.museum farm.museum farmequipment.museum farmers.museum farmstead.museum field.museum figueres.museum filatelia.museum film.museum fineart.museum finearts.museum finland.museum flanders.museum florida.museum force.museum fortmissoula.museum fortworth.museum foundation.museum francaise.museum frankfurt.museum franziskaner.museum freemasonry.museum freiburg.museum fribourg.museum frog.museum fundacio.museum furniture.museum gallery.museum garden.museum gateway.museum geelvinck.museum gemological.museum geology.museum georgia.museum giessen.museum glas.museum glass.museum gorge.museum grandrapids.museum graz.museum guernsey.museum halloffame.museum hamburg.museum handson.museum harvestcelebration.museum hawaii.museum health.museum heimatunduhren.museum hellas.museum helsinki.museum hembygdsforbund.museum heritage.museum histoire.museum historical.museum historicalsociety.museum historichouses.museum historisch.museum historisches.museum history.museum historyofscience.museum horology.museum house.museum humanities.museum illustration.museum imageandsound.museum indian.museum indiana.museum indianapolis.museum indianmarket.museum intelligence.museum interactive.museum iraq.museum iron.museum isleofman.museum jamison.museum jefferson.museum jerusalem.museum jewelry.museum jewish.museum jewishart.museum jfk.museum journalism.museum judaica.museum judygarland.museum juedisches.museum juif.museum karate.museum karikatur.museum kids.museum koebenhavn.museum koeln.museum kunst.museum kunstsammlung.museum kunstunddesign.museum labor.museum labour.museum lajolla.museum lancashire.museum landes.museum lans.museum xn--lns-qla.museum larsson.museum lewismiller.museum lincoln.museum linz.museum living.museum livinghistory.museum localhistory.museum london.museum losangeles.museum louvre.museum loyalist.museum lucerne.museum luxembourg.museum luzern.museum mad.museum madrid.museum mallorca.museum manchester.museum mansion.museum mansions.museum manx.museum marburg.museum maritime.museum maritimo.museum maryland.museum marylhurst.museum media.museum medical.museum medizinhistorisches.museum meeres.museum memorial.museum mesaverde.museum michigan.museum midatlantic.museum military.museum mill.museum miners.museum mining.museum minnesota.museum missile.museum missoula.museum modern.museum moma.museum money.museum monmouth.museum monticello.museum montreal.museum moscow.museum motorcycle.museum muenchen.museum muenster.museum mulhouse.museum muncie.museum museet.museum museumcenter.museum museumvereniging.museum music.museum national.museum nationalfirearms.museum nationalheritage.museum nativeamerican.museum naturalhistory.museum naturalhistorymuseum.museum naturalsciences.museum nature.museum naturhistorisches.museum natuurwetenschappen.museum naumburg.museum naval.museum nebraska.museum neues.museum newhampshire.museum newjersey.museum newmexico.museum newport.museum newspaper.museum newyork.museum niepce.museum norfolk.museum north.museum nrw.museum nuernberg.museum nuremberg.museum nyc.museum nyny.museum oceanographic.museum oceanographique.museum omaha.museum online.museum ontario.museum openair.museum oregon.museum oregontrail.museum otago.museum oxford.museum pacific.museum paderborn.museum palace.museum paleo.museum palmsprings.museum panama.museum paris.museum pasadena.museum pharmacy.museum philadelphia.museum philadelphiaarea.museum philately.museum phoenix.museum photography.museum pilots.museum pittsburgh.museum planetarium.museum plantation.museum plants.museum plaza.museum portal.museum portland.museum portlligat.museum posts-and-telecommunications.museum preservation.museum presidio.museum press.museum project.museum public.museum pubol.museum quebec.museum railroad.museum railway.museum research.museum resistance.museum riodejaneiro.museum rochester.museum rockart.museum roma.museum russia.museum saintlouis.museum salem.museum salvadordali.museum salzburg.museum sandiego.museum sanfrancisco.museum santabarbara.museum santacruz.museum santafe.museum saskatchewan.museum satx.museum savannahga.museum schlesisches.museum schoenbrunn.museum schokoladen.museum school.museum schweiz.museum science.museum scienceandhistory.museum scienceandindustry.museum sciencecenter.museum sciencecenters.museum science-fiction.museum sciencehistory.museum sciences.museum sciencesnaturelles.museum scotland.museum seaport.museum settlement.museum settlers.museum shell.museum sherbrooke.museum sibenik.museum silk.museum ski.museum skole.museum society.museum sologne.museum soundandvision.museum southcarolina.museum southwest.museum space.museum spy.museum square.museum stadt.museum stalbans.museum starnberg.museum state.museum stateofdelaware.museum station.museum steam.museum steiermark.museum stjohn.museum stockholm.museum stpetersburg.museum stuttgart.museum suisse.museum surgeonshall.museum surrey.museum svizzera.museum sweden.museum sydney.museum tank.museum tcm.museum technology.museum telekommunikation.museum television.museum texas.museum textile.museum theater.museum time.museum timekeeping.museum topology.museum torino.museum touch.museum town.museum transport.museum tree.museum trolley.museum trust.museum trustee.museum uhren.museum ulm.museum undersea.museum university.museum usa.museum usantiques.museum usarts.museum uscountryestate.museum usculture.museum usdecorativearts.museum usgarden.museum ushistory.museum ushuaia.museum uslivinghistory.museum utah.museum uvic.museum valley.museum vantaa.museum versailles.museum viking.museum village.museum virginia.museum virtual.museum virtuel.museum vlaanderen.museum volkenkunde.museum wales.museum wallonie.museum war.museum washingtondc.museum watchandclock.museum watch-and-clock.museum western.museum westfalen.museum whaling.museum wildlife.museum williamsburg.museum windmill.museum workshop.museum york.museum yorkshire.museum yosemite.museum youth.museum zoological.museum zoology.museum xn--9dbhblg6di.museum xn--h1aegh.museum // mv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mv // "mv" included because, contra Wikipedia, google.mv exists. mv aero.mv biz.mv com.mv coop.mv edu.mv gov.mv info.mv int.mv mil.mv museum.mv name.mv net.mv org.mv pro.mv // mw : http://www.registrar.mw/ mw ac.mw biz.mw co.mw com.mw coop.mw edu.mw gov.mw int.mw museum.mw net.mw org.mw // mx : http://www.nic.mx/ // Submitted by registry mx com.mx org.mx gob.mx edu.mx net.mx // my : http://www.mynic.net.my/ my com.my net.my org.my gov.my edu.my mil.my name.my // mz : http://www.uem.mz/ // Submitted by registry mz ac.mz adv.mz co.mz edu.mz gov.mz mil.mz net.mz org.mz // na : http://www.na-nic.com.na/ // http://www.info.na/domain/ na info.na pro.na name.na school.na or.na dr.na us.na mx.na ca.na in.na cc.na tv.na ws.na mobi.na co.na com.na org.na // name : has 2nd-level tlds, but there's no list of them name // nc : http://www.cctld.nc/ nc asso.nc nom.nc // ne : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ne ne // net : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.net net // nf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nf nf com.nf net.nf per.nf rec.nf web.nf arts.nf firm.nf info.nf other.nf store.nf // ng : http://www.nira.org.ng/index.php/join-us/register-ng-domain/189-nira-slds ng com.ng edu.ng gov.ng i.ng mil.ng mobi.ng name.ng net.ng org.ng sch.ng // ni : http://www.nic.ni/ ni ac.ni biz.ni co.ni com.ni edu.ni gob.ni in.ni info.ni int.ni mil.ni net.ni nom.ni org.ni web.ni // nl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl // https://www.sidn.nl/ // ccTLD for the Netherlands nl // no : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/index.en.html // The Norwegian registry has declined to notify us of updates. The web pages // referenced below are the official source of the data. There is also an // announce mailing list: // https://postlister.uninett.no/sympa/info/norid-diskusjon no // Norid generic domains : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-c.en.html fhs.no vgs.no fylkesbibl.no folkebibl.no museum.no idrett.no priv.no // Non-Norid generic domains : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-d.en.html mil.no stat.no dep.no kommune.no herad.no // no geographical names : http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-b.en.html // counties aa.no ah.no bu.no fm.no hl.no hm.no jan-mayen.no mr.no nl.no nt.no of.no ol.no oslo.no rl.no sf.no st.no svalbard.no tm.no tr.no va.no vf.no // primary and lower secondary schools per county gs.aa.no gs.ah.no gs.bu.no gs.fm.no gs.hl.no gs.hm.no gs.jan-mayen.no gs.mr.no gs.nl.no gs.nt.no gs.of.no gs.ol.no gs.oslo.no gs.rl.no gs.sf.no gs.st.no gs.svalbard.no gs.tm.no gs.tr.no gs.va.no gs.vf.no // cities akrehamn.no xn--krehamn-dxa.no algard.no xn--lgrd-poac.no arna.no brumunddal.no bryne.no bronnoysund.no xn--brnnysund-m8ac.no drobak.no xn--drbak-wua.no egersund.no fetsund.no floro.no xn--flor-jra.no fredrikstad.no hokksund.no honefoss.no xn--hnefoss-q1a.no jessheim.no jorpeland.no xn--jrpeland-54a.no kirkenes.no kopervik.no krokstadelva.no langevag.no xn--langevg-jxa.no leirvik.no mjondalen.no xn--mjndalen-64a.no mo-i-rana.no mosjoen.no xn--mosjen-eya.no nesoddtangen.no orkanger.no osoyro.no xn--osyro-wua.no raholt.no xn--rholt-mra.no sandnessjoen.no xn--sandnessjen-ogb.no skedsmokorset.no slattum.no spjelkavik.no stathelle.no stavern.no stjordalshalsen.no xn--stjrdalshalsen-sqb.no tananger.no tranby.no vossevangen.no // communities afjord.no xn--fjord-lra.no agdenes.no al.no xn--l-1fa.no alesund.no xn--lesund-hua.no alstahaug.no alta.no xn--lt-liac.no alaheadju.no xn--laheadju-7ya.no alvdal.no amli.no xn--mli-tla.no amot.no xn--mot-tla.no andebu.no andoy.no xn--andy-ira.no andasuolo.no ardal.no xn--rdal-poa.no aremark.no arendal.no xn--s-1fa.no aseral.no xn--seral-lra.no asker.no askim.no askvoll.no askoy.no xn--asky-ira.no asnes.no xn--snes-poa.no audnedaln.no aukra.no aure.no aurland.no aurskog-holand.no xn--aurskog-hland-jnb.no austevoll.no austrheim.no averoy.no xn--avery-yua.no balestrand.no ballangen.no balat.no xn--blt-elab.no balsfjord.no bahccavuotna.no xn--bhccavuotna-k7a.no bamble.no bardu.no beardu.no beiarn.no bajddar.no xn--bjddar-pta.no baidar.no xn--bidr-5nac.no berg.no bergen.no berlevag.no xn--berlevg-jxa.no bearalvahki.no xn--bearalvhki-y4a.no bindal.no birkenes.no bjarkoy.no xn--bjarky-fya.no bjerkreim.no bjugn.no bodo.no xn--bod-2na.no badaddja.no xn--bdddj-mrabd.no budejju.no bokn.no bremanger.no bronnoy.no xn--brnny-wuac.no bygland.no bykle.no barum.no xn--brum-voa.no bo.telemark.no xn--b-5ga.telemark.no bo.nordland.no xn--b-5ga.nordland.no bievat.no xn--bievt-0qa.no bomlo.no xn--bmlo-gra.no batsfjord.no xn--btsfjord-9za.no bahcavuotna.no xn--bhcavuotna-s4a.no dovre.no drammen.no drangedal.no dyroy.no xn--dyry-ira.no donna.no xn--dnna-gra.no eid.no eidfjord.no eidsberg.no eidskog.no eidsvoll.no eigersund.no elverum.no enebakk.no engerdal.no etne.no etnedal.no evenes.no evenassi.no xn--eveni-0qa01ga.no evje-og-hornnes.no farsund.no fauske.no fuossko.no fuoisku.no fedje.no fet.no finnoy.no xn--finny-yua.no fitjar.no fjaler.no fjell.no flakstad.no flatanger.no flekkefjord.no flesberg.no flora.no fla.no xn--fl-zia.no folldal.no forsand.no fosnes.no frei.no frogn.no froland.no frosta.no frana.no xn--frna-woa.no froya.no xn--frya-hra.no fusa.no fyresdal.no forde.no xn--frde-gra.no gamvik.no gangaviika.no xn--ggaviika-8ya47h.no gaular.no gausdal.no gildeskal.no xn--gildeskl-g0a.no giske.no gjemnes.no gjerdrum.no gjerstad.no gjesdal.no gjovik.no xn--gjvik-wua.no gloppen.no gol.no gran.no grane.no granvin.no gratangen.no grimstad.no grong.no kraanghke.no xn--kranghke-b0a.no grue.no gulen.no hadsel.no halden.no halsa.no hamar.no hamaroy.no habmer.no xn--hbmer-xqa.no hapmir.no xn--hpmir-xqa.no hammerfest.no hammarfeasta.no xn--hmmrfeasta-s4ac.no haram.no hareid.no harstad.no hasvik.no aknoluokta.no xn--koluokta-7ya57h.no hattfjelldal.no aarborte.no haugesund.no hemne.no hemnes.no hemsedal.no heroy.more-og-romsdal.no xn--hery-ira.xn--mre-og-romsdal-qqb.no heroy.nordland.no xn--hery-ira.nordland.no hitra.no hjartdal.no hjelmeland.no hobol.no xn--hobl-ira.no hof.no hol.no hole.no holmestrand.no holtalen.no xn--holtlen-hxa.no hornindal.no horten.no hurdal.no hurum.no hvaler.no hyllestad.no hagebostad.no xn--hgebostad-g3a.no hoyanger.no xn--hyanger-q1a.no hoylandet.no xn--hylandet-54a.no ha.no xn--h-2fa.no ibestad.no inderoy.no xn--indery-fya.no iveland.no jevnaker.no jondal.no jolster.no xn--jlster-bya.no karasjok.no karasjohka.no xn--krjohka-hwab49j.no karlsoy.no galsa.no xn--gls-elac.no karmoy.no xn--karmy-yua.no kautokeino.no guovdageaidnu.no klepp.no klabu.no xn--klbu-woa.no kongsberg.no kongsvinger.no kragero.no xn--krager-gya.no kristiansand.no kristiansund.no krodsherad.no xn--krdsherad-m8a.no kvalsund.no rahkkeravju.no xn--rhkkervju-01af.no kvam.no kvinesdal.no kvinnherad.no kviteseid.no kvitsoy.no xn--kvitsy-fya.no kvafjord.no xn--kvfjord-nxa.no giehtavuoatna.no kvanangen.no xn--kvnangen-k0a.no navuotna.no xn--nvuotna-hwa.no kafjord.no xn--kfjord-iua.no gaivuotna.no xn--givuotna-8ya.no larvik.no lavangen.no lavagis.no loabat.no xn--loabt-0qa.no lebesby.no davvesiida.no leikanger.no leirfjord.no leka.no leksvik.no lenvik.no leangaviika.no xn--leagaviika-52b.no lesja.no levanger.no lier.no lierne.no lillehammer.no lillesand.no lindesnes.no lindas.no xn--linds-pra.no lom.no loppa.no lahppi.no xn--lhppi-xqa.no lund.no lunner.no luroy.no xn--lury-ira.no luster.no lyngdal.no lyngen.no ivgu.no lardal.no lerdal.no xn--lrdal-sra.no lodingen.no xn--ldingen-q1a.no lorenskog.no xn--lrenskog-54a.no loten.no xn--lten-gra.no malvik.no masoy.no xn--msy-ula0h.no muosat.no xn--muost-0qa.no mandal.no marker.no marnardal.no masfjorden.no meland.no meldal.no melhus.no meloy.no xn--mely-ira.no meraker.no xn--merker-kua.no moareke.no xn--moreke-jua.no midsund.no midtre-gauldal.no modalen.no modum.no molde.no moskenes.no moss.no mosvik.no malselv.no xn--mlselv-iua.no malatvuopmi.no xn--mlatvuopmi-s4a.no namdalseid.no aejrie.no namsos.no namsskogan.no naamesjevuemie.no xn--nmesjevuemie-tcba.no laakesvuemie.no nannestad.no narvik.no narviika.no naustdal.no nedre-eiker.no nes.akershus.no nes.buskerud.no nesna.no nesodden.no nesseby.no unjarga.no xn--unjrga-rta.no nesset.no nissedal.no nittedal.no nord-aurdal.no nord-fron.no nord-odal.no norddal.no nordkapp.no davvenjarga.no xn--davvenjrga-y4a.no nordre-land.no nordreisa.no raisa.no xn--risa-5na.no nore-og-uvdal.no notodden.no naroy.no xn--nry-yla5g.no notteroy.no xn--nttery-byae.no odda.no oksnes.no xn--ksnes-uua.no oppdal.no oppegard.no xn--oppegrd-ixa.no orkdal.no orland.no xn--rland-uua.no orskog.no xn--rskog-uua.no orsta.no xn--rsta-fra.no os.hedmark.no os.hordaland.no osen.no osteroy.no xn--ostery-fya.no ostre-toten.no xn--stre-toten-zcb.no overhalla.no ovre-eiker.no xn--vre-eiker-k8a.no oyer.no xn--yer-zna.no oygarden.no xn--ygarden-p1a.no oystre-slidre.no xn--ystre-slidre-ujb.no porsanger.no porsangu.no xn--porsgu-sta26f.no porsgrunn.no radoy.no xn--rady-ira.no rakkestad.no rana.no ruovat.no randaberg.no rauma.no rendalen.no rennebu.no rennesoy.no xn--rennesy-v1a.no rindal.no ringebu.no ringerike.no ringsaker.no rissa.no risor.no xn--risr-ira.no roan.no rollag.no rygge.no ralingen.no xn--rlingen-mxa.no rodoy.no xn--rdy-0nab.no romskog.no xn--rmskog-bya.no roros.no xn--rros-gra.no rost.no xn--rst-0na.no royken.no xn--ryken-vua.no royrvik.no xn--ryrvik-bya.no rade.no xn--rde-ula.no salangen.no siellak.no saltdal.no salat.no xn--slt-elab.no xn--slat-5na.no samnanger.no sande.more-og-romsdal.no sande.xn--mre-og-romsdal-qqb.no sande.vestfold.no sandefjord.no sandnes.no sandoy.no xn--sandy-yua.no sarpsborg.no sauda.no sauherad.no sel.no selbu.no selje.no seljord.no sigdal.no siljan.no sirdal.no skaun.no skedsmo.no ski.no skien.no skiptvet.no skjervoy.no xn--skjervy-v1a.no skierva.no xn--skierv-uta.no skjak.no xn--skjk-soa.no skodje.no skanland.no xn--sknland-fxa.no skanit.no xn--sknit-yqa.no smola.no xn--smla-hra.no snillfjord.no snasa.no xn--snsa-roa.no snoasa.no snaase.no xn--snase-nra.no sogndal.no sokndal.no sola.no solund.no songdalen.no sortland.no spydeberg.no stange.no stavanger.no steigen.no steinkjer.no stjordal.no xn--stjrdal-s1a.no stokke.no stor-elvdal.no stord.no stordal.no storfjord.no omasvuotna.no strand.no stranda.no stryn.no sula.no suldal.no sund.no sunndal.no surnadal.no sveio.no svelvik.no sykkylven.no sogne.no xn--sgne-gra.no somna.no xn--smna-gra.no sondre-land.no xn--sndre-land-0cb.no sor-aurdal.no xn--sr-aurdal-l8a.no sor-fron.no xn--sr-fron-q1a.no sor-odal.no xn--sr-odal-q1a.no sor-varanger.no xn--sr-varanger-ggb.no matta-varjjat.no xn--mtta-vrjjat-k7af.no sorfold.no xn--srfold-bya.no sorreisa.no xn--srreisa-q1a.no sorum.no xn--srum-gra.no tana.no deatnu.no time.no tingvoll.no tinn.no tjeldsund.no dielddanuorri.no tjome.no xn--tjme-hra.no tokke.no tolga.no torsken.no tranoy.no xn--trany-yua.no tromso.no xn--troms-zua.no tromsa.no romsa.no trondheim.no troandin.no trysil.no trana.no xn--trna-woa.no trogstad.no xn--trgstad-r1a.no tvedestrand.no tydal.no tynset.no tysfjord.no divtasvuodna.no divttasvuotna.no tysnes.no tysvar.no xn--tysvr-vra.no tonsberg.no xn--tnsberg-q1a.no ullensaker.no ullensvang.no ulvik.no utsira.no vadso.no xn--vads-jra.no cahcesuolo.no xn--hcesuolo-7ya35b.no vaksdal.no valle.no vang.no vanylven.no vardo.no xn--vard-jra.no varggat.no xn--vrggt-xqad.no vefsn.no vaapste.no vega.no vegarshei.no xn--vegrshei-c0a.no vennesla.no verdal.no verran.no vestby.no vestnes.no vestre-slidre.no vestre-toten.no vestvagoy.no xn--vestvgy-ixa6o.no vevelstad.no vik.no vikna.no vindafjord.no volda.no voss.no varoy.no xn--vry-yla5g.no vagan.no xn--vgan-qoa.no voagat.no vagsoy.no xn--vgsy-qoa0j.no vaga.no xn--vg-yiab.no valer.ostfold.no xn--vler-qoa.xn--stfold-9xa.no valer.hedmark.no xn--vler-qoa.hedmark.no // np : http://www.mos.com.np/register.html *.np // nr : http://cenpac.net.nr/dns/index.html // Submitted by registry nr biz.nr info.nr gov.nr edu.nr org.nr net.nr com.nr // nu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu nu // nz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz // Submitted by registry nz ac.nz co.nz cri.nz geek.nz gen.nz govt.nz health.nz iwi.nz kiwi.nz maori.nz mil.nz xn--mori-qsa.nz net.nz org.nz parliament.nz school.nz // om : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.om om co.om com.om edu.om gov.om med.om museum.om net.om org.om pro.om // onion : https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686 onion // org : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.org org // pa : http://www.nic.pa/ // Some additional second level "domains" resolve directly as hostnames, such as // pannet.pa, so we add a rule for "pa". pa ac.pa gob.pa com.pa org.pa sld.pa edu.pa net.pa ing.pa abo.pa med.pa nom.pa // pe : https://www.nic.pe/InformeFinalComision.pdf pe edu.pe gob.pe nom.pe mil.pe org.pe com.pe net.pe // pf : http://www.gobin.info/domainname/formulaire-pf.pdf pf com.pf org.pf edu.pf // pg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pg *.pg // ph : http://www.domains.ph/FAQ2.asp // Submitted by registry ph com.ph net.ph org.ph gov.ph edu.ph ngo.ph mil.ph i.ph // pk : http://pk5.pknic.net.pk/pk5/msgNamepk.PK pk com.pk net.pk edu.pk org.pk fam.pk biz.pk web.pk gov.pk gob.pk gok.pk gon.pk gop.pk gos.pk info.pk // pl http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html // Submitted by registry pl com.pl net.pl org.pl // pl functional domains (http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html) aid.pl agro.pl atm.pl auto.pl biz.pl edu.pl gmina.pl gsm.pl info.pl mail.pl miasta.pl media.pl mil.pl nieruchomosci.pl nom.pl pc.pl powiat.pl priv.pl realestate.pl rel.pl sex.pl shop.pl sklep.pl sos.pl szkola.pl targi.pl tm.pl tourism.pl travel.pl turystyka.pl // Government domains gov.pl ap.gov.pl ic.gov.pl is.gov.pl us.gov.pl kmpsp.gov.pl kppsp.gov.pl kwpsp.gov.pl psp.gov.pl wskr.gov.pl kwp.gov.pl mw.gov.pl ug.gov.pl um.gov.pl umig.gov.pl ugim.gov.pl upow.gov.pl uw.gov.pl starostwo.gov.pl pa.gov.pl po.gov.pl psse.gov.pl pup.gov.pl rzgw.gov.pl sa.gov.pl so.gov.pl sr.gov.pl wsa.gov.pl sko.gov.pl uzs.gov.pl wiih.gov.pl winb.gov.pl pinb.gov.pl wios.gov.pl witd.gov.pl wzmiuw.gov.pl piw.gov.pl wiw.gov.pl griw.gov.pl wif.gov.pl oum.gov.pl sdn.gov.pl zp.gov.pl uppo.gov.pl mup.gov.pl wuoz.gov.pl konsulat.gov.pl oirm.gov.pl // pl regional domains (http://www.dns.pl/english/index.html) augustow.pl babia-gora.pl bedzin.pl beskidy.pl bialowieza.pl bialystok.pl bielawa.pl bieszczady.pl boleslawiec.pl bydgoszcz.pl bytom.pl cieszyn.pl czeladz.pl czest.pl dlugoleka.pl elblag.pl elk.pl glogow.pl gniezno.pl gorlice.pl grajewo.pl ilawa.pl jaworzno.pl jelenia-gora.pl jgora.pl kalisz.pl kazimierz-dolny.pl karpacz.pl kartuzy.pl kaszuby.pl katowice.pl kepno.pl ketrzyn.pl klodzko.pl kobierzyce.pl kolobrzeg.pl konin.pl konskowola.pl kutno.pl lapy.pl lebork.pl legnica.pl lezajsk.pl limanowa.pl lomza.pl lowicz.pl lubin.pl lukow.pl malbork.pl malopolska.pl mazowsze.pl mazury.pl mielec.pl mielno.pl mragowo.pl naklo.pl nowaruda.pl nysa.pl olawa.pl olecko.pl olkusz.pl olsztyn.pl opoczno.pl opole.pl ostroda.pl ostroleka.pl ostrowiec.pl ostrowwlkp.pl pila.pl pisz.pl podhale.pl podlasie.pl polkowice.pl pomorze.pl pomorskie.pl prochowice.pl pruszkow.pl przeworsk.pl pulawy.pl radom.pl rawa-maz.pl rybnik.pl rzeszow.pl sanok.pl sejny.pl slask.pl slupsk.pl sosnowiec.pl stalowa-wola.pl skoczow.pl starachowice.pl stargard.pl suwalki.pl swidnica.pl swiebodzin.pl swinoujscie.pl szczecin.pl szczytno.pl tarnobrzeg.pl tgory.pl turek.pl tychy.pl ustka.pl walbrzych.pl warmia.pl warszawa.pl waw.pl wegrow.pl wielun.pl wlocl.pl wloclawek.pl wodzislaw.pl wolomin.pl wroclaw.pl zachpomor.pl zagan.pl zarow.pl zgora.pl zgorzelec.pl // pm : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf pm // pn : http://www.government.pn/PnRegistry/policies.htm pn gov.pn co.pn org.pn edu.pn net.pn // post : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.post post // pr : http://www.nic.pr/index.asp?f=1 pr com.pr net.pr org.pr gov.pr edu.pr isla.pr pro.pr biz.pr info.pr name.pr // these aren't mentioned on nic.pr, but on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pr est.pr prof.pr ac.pr // pro : http://registry.pro/get-pro pro aaa.pro aca.pro acct.pro avocat.pro bar.pro cpa.pro eng.pro jur.pro law.pro med.pro recht.pro // ps : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ps // http://www.nic.ps/registration/policy.html#reg ps edu.ps gov.ps sec.ps plo.ps com.ps org.ps net.ps // pt : http://online.dns.pt/dns/start_dns pt net.pt gov.pt org.pt edu.pt int.pt publ.pt com.pt nome.pt // pw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pw pw co.pw ne.pw or.pw ed.pw go.pw belau.pw // py : http://www.nic.py/pautas.html#seccion_9 // Submitted by registry py com.py coop.py edu.py gov.py mil.py net.py org.py // qa : http://domains.qa/en/ qa com.qa edu.qa gov.qa mil.qa name.qa net.qa org.qa sch.qa // re : http://www.afnic.re/obtenir/chartes/nommage-re/annexe-descriptifs re asso.re com.re nom.re // ro : http://www.rotld.ro/ ro arts.ro com.ro firm.ro info.ro nom.ro nt.ro org.ro rec.ro store.ro tm.ro www.ro // rs : https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains rs ac.rs co.rs edu.rs gov.rs in.rs org.rs // ru : https://cctld.ru/en/domains/domens_ru/reserved/ ru ac.ru edu.ru gov.ru int.ru mil.ru test.ru // rw : http://www.nic.rw/cgi-bin/policy.pl rw gov.rw net.rw edu.rw ac.rw com.rw co.rw int.rw mil.rw gouv.rw // sa : http://www.nic.net.sa/ sa com.sa net.sa org.sa gov.sa med.sa pub.sa edu.sa sch.sa // sb : http://www.sbnic.net.sb/ // Submitted by registry sb com.sb edu.sb gov.sb net.sb org.sb // sc : http://www.nic.sc/ sc com.sc gov.sc net.sc org.sc edu.sc // sd : http://www.isoc.sd/sudanic.isoc.sd/billing_pricing.htm // Submitted by registry sd com.sd net.sd org.sd edu.sd med.sd tv.sd gov.sd info.sd // se : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se // Submitted by registry se a.se ac.se b.se bd.se brand.se c.se d.se e.se f.se fh.se fhsk.se fhv.se g.se h.se i.se k.se komforb.se kommunalforbund.se komvux.se l.se lanbib.se m.se n.se naturbruksgymn.se o.se org.se p.se parti.se pp.se press.se r.se s.se t.se tm.se u.se w.se x.se y.se z.se // sg : http://www.nic.net.sg/page/registration-policies-procedures-and-guidelines sg com.sg net.sg org.sg gov.sg edu.sg per.sg // sh : http://www.nic.sh/registrar.html sh com.sh net.sh gov.sh org.sh mil.sh // si : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.si si // sj : No registrations at this time. // Submitted by registry sj // sk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sk // list of 2nd level domains ? sk // sl : http://www.nic.sl // Submitted by registry sl com.sl net.sl edu.sl gov.sl org.sl // sm : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sm sm // sn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sn sn art.sn com.sn edu.sn gouv.sn org.sn perso.sn univ.sn // so : http://www.soregistry.com/ so com.so net.so org.so // sr : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sr sr // st : http://www.nic.st/html/policyrules/ st co.st com.st consulado.st edu.st embaixada.st gov.st mil.st net.st org.st principe.st saotome.st store.st // su : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su su // sv : http://www.svnet.org.sv/niveldos.pdf sv com.sv edu.sv gob.sv org.sv red.sv // sx : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sx // Submitted by registry sx gov.sx // sy : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sy // see also: http://www.gobin.info/domainname/sy.doc sy edu.sy gov.sy net.sy mil.sy com.sy org.sy // sz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sz // http://www.sispa.org.sz/ sz co.sz ac.sz org.sz // tc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tc tc // td : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.td td // tel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tel // http://www.telnic.org/ tel // tf : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tf tf // tg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tg // http://www.nic.tg/ tg // th : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.th // Submitted by registry th ac.th co.th go.th in.th mi.th net.th or.th // tj : http://www.nic.tj/policy.html tj ac.tj biz.tj co.tj com.tj edu.tj go.tj gov.tj int.tj mil.tj name.tj net.tj nic.tj org.tj test.tj web.tj // tk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk tk // tl : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tl tl gov.tl // tm : http://www.nic.tm/local.html tm com.tm co.tm org.tm net.tm nom.tm gov.tm mil.tm edu.tm // tn : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tn // http://whois.ati.tn/ tn com.tn ens.tn fin.tn gov.tn ind.tn intl.tn nat.tn net.tn org.tn info.tn perso.tn tourism.tn edunet.tn rnrt.tn rns.tn rnu.tn mincom.tn agrinet.tn defense.tn turen.tn // to : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.to // Submitted by registry to com.to gov.to net.to org.to edu.to mil.to // subTLDs: https://www.nic.tr/forms/eng/policies.pdf // and: https://www.nic.tr/forms/politikalar.pdf // Submitted by tr com.tr info.tr biz.tr net.tr org.tr web.tr gen.tr tv.tr av.tr dr.tr bbs.tr name.tr tel.tr gov.tr bel.tr pol.tr mil.tr k12.tr edu.tr kep.tr // Used by Northern Cyprus nc.tr // Used by government agencies of Northern Cyprus gov.nc.tr // tt : http://www.nic.tt/ tt co.tt com.tt org.tt net.tt biz.tt info.tt pro.tt int.tt coop.tt jobs.tt mobi.tt travel.tt museum.tt aero.tt name.tt gov.tt edu.tt // tv : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tv // Not listing any 2LDs as reserved since none seem to exist in practice, // Wikipedia notwithstanding. tv // tw : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tw tw edu.tw gov.tw mil.tw com.tw net.tw org.tw idv.tw game.tw ebiz.tw club.tw xn--zf0ao64a.tw xn--uc0atv.tw xn--czrw28b.tw // tz : http://www.tznic.or.tz/index.php/domains // Submitted by registry tz ac.tz co.tz go.tz hotel.tz info.tz me.tz mil.tz mobi.tz ne.tz or.tz sc.tz tv.tz // ua : https://hostmaster.ua/policy/?ua // Submitted by registry ua // ua 2LD com.ua edu.ua gov.ua in.ua net.ua org.ua // ua geographic names // https://hostmaster.ua/2ld/ cherkassy.ua cherkasy.ua chernigov.ua chernihiv.ua chernivtsi.ua chernovtsy.ua ck.ua cn.ua cr.ua crimea.ua cv.ua dn.ua dnepropetrovsk.ua dnipropetrovsk.ua dominic.ua donetsk.ua dp.ua if.ua ivano-frankivsk.ua kh.ua kharkiv.ua kharkov.ua kherson.ua khmelnitskiy.ua khmelnytskyi.ua kiev.ua kirovograd.ua km.ua kr.ua krym.ua ks.ua kv.ua kyiv.ua lg.ua lt.ua lugansk.ua lutsk.ua lv.ua lviv.ua mk.ua mykolaiv.ua nikolaev.ua od.ua odesa.ua odessa.ua pl.ua poltava.ua rivne.ua rovno.ua rv.ua sb.ua sebastopol.ua sevastopol.ua sm.ua sumy.ua te.ua ternopil.ua uz.ua uzhgorod.ua vinnica.ua vinnytsia.ua vn.ua volyn.ua yalta.ua zaporizhzhe.ua zaporizhzhia.ua zhitomir.ua zhytomyr.ua zp.ua zt.ua // ug : https://www.registry.co.ug/ ug co.ug or.ug ac.ug sc.ug go.ug ne.ug com.ug org.ug // uk : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk // Submitted by registry uk ac.uk co.uk gov.uk ltd.uk me.uk net.uk nhs.uk org.uk plc.uk police.uk *.sch.uk // us : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us us dni.us fed.us isa.us kids.us nsn.us // us geographic names ak.us al.us ar.us as.us az.us ca.us co.us ct.us dc.us de.us fl.us ga.us gu.us hi.us ia.us id.us il.us in.us ks.us ky.us la.us ma.us md.us me.us mi.us mn.us mo.us ms.us mt.us nc.us nd.us ne.us nh.us nj.us nm.us nv.us ny.us oh.us ok.us or.us pa.us pr.us ri.us sc.us sd.us tn.us tx.us ut.us vi.us vt.us va.us wa.us wi.us wv.us wy.us // The registrar notes several more specific domains available in each state, // such as state.*.us, dst.*.us, etc., but resolution of these is somewhat // haphazard; in some states these domains resolve as addresses, while in others // only subdomains are available, or even nothing at all. We include the // most common ones where it's clear that different sites are different // entities. k12.ak.us k12.al.us k12.ar.us k12.as.us k12.az.us k12.ca.us k12.co.us k12.ct.us k12.dc.us k12.de.us k12.fl.us k12.ga.us k12.gu.us // k12.hi.us Bug 614565 - Hawaii has a state-wide DOE login k12.ia.us k12.id.us k12.il.us k12.in.us k12.ks.us k12.ky.us k12.la.us k12.ma.us k12.md.us k12.me.us k12.mi.us k12.mn.us k12.mo.us k12.ms.us k12.mt.us k12.nc.us // k12.nd.us Bug 1028347 - Removed at request of Travis Rosso k12.ne.us k12.nh.us k12.nj.us k12.nm.us k12.nv.us k12.ny.us k12.oh.us k12.ok.us k12.or.us k12.pa.us k12.pr.us k12.ri.us k12.sc.us // k12.sd.us Bug 934131 - Removed at request of James Booze k12.tn.us k12.tx.us k12.ut.us k12.vi.us k12.vt.us k12.va.us k12.wa.us k12.wi.us // k12.wv.us Bug 947705 - Removed at request of Verne Britton k12.wy.us cc.ak.us cc.al.us cc.ar.us cc.as.us cc.az.us cc.ca.us cc.co.us cc.ct.us cc.dc.us cc.de.us cc.fl.us cc.ga.us cc.gu.us cc.hi.us cc.ia.us cc.id.us cc.il.us cc.in.us cc.ks.us cc.ky.us cc.la.us cc.ma.us cc.md.us cc.me.us cc.mi.us cc.mn.us cc.mo.us cc.ms.us cc.mt.us cc.nc.us cc.nd.us cc.ne.us cc.nh.us cc.nj.us cc.nm.us cc.nv.us cc.ny.us cc.oh.us cc.ok.us cc.or.us cc.pa.us cc.pr.us cc.ri.us cc.sc.us cc.sd.us cc.tn.us cc.tx.us cc.ut.us cc.vi.us cc.vt.us cc.va.us cc.wa.us cc.wi.us cc.wv.us cc.wy.us lib.ak.us lib.al.us lib.ar.us lib.as.us lib.az.us lib.ca.us lib.co.us lib.ct.us lib.dc.us // lib.de.us Issue #243 - Moved to Private section at request of Ed Moore lib.fl.us lib.ga.us lib.gu.us lib.hi.us lib.ia.us lib.id.us lib.il.us lib.in.us lib.ks.us lib.ky.us lib.la.us lib.ma.us lib.md.us lib.me.us lib.mi.us lib.mn.us lib.mo.us lib.ms.us lib.mt.us lib.nc.us lib.nd.us lib.ne.us lib.nh.us lib.nj.us lib.nm.us lib.nv.us lib.ny.us lib.oh.us lib.ok.us lib.or.us lib.pa.us lib.pr.us lib.ri.us lib.sc.us lib.sd.us lib.tn.us lib.tx.us lib.ut.us lib.vi.us lib.vt.us lib.va.us lib.wa.us lib.wi.us // lib.wv.us Bug 941670 - Removed at request of Larry W Arnold lib.wy.us // k12.ma.us contains school districts in Massachusetts. The 4LDs are // managed independently except for private (PVT), charter (CHTR) and // parochial (PAROCH) schools. Those are delegated directly to the // 5LD operators. pvt.k12.ma.us chtr.k12.ma.us paroch.k12.ma.us // Merit Network, Inc. maintains the registry for =~ /(k12|cc|lib).mi.us/ and the following // see also: http://domreg.merit.edu // see also: whois -h whois.domreg.merit.edu help ann-arbor.mi.us cog.mi.us dst.mi.us eaton.mi.us gen.mi.us mus.mi.us tec.mi.us washtenaw.mi.us // uy : http://www.nic.org.uy/ uy com.uy edu.uy gub.uy mil.uy net.uy org.uy // uz : http://www.reg.uz/ uz co.uz com.uz net.uz org.uz // va : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.va va // vc : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vc // Submitted by registry vc com.vc net.vc org.vc gov.vc mil.vc edu.vc // ve : https://registro.nic.ve/ // Submitted by registry ve arts.ve co.ve com.ve e12.ve edu.ve firm.ve gob.ve gov.ve info.ve int.ve mil.ve net.ve org.ve rec.ve store.ve tec.ve web.ve // vg : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vg vg // vi : http://www.nic.vi/newdomainform.htm // http://www.nic.vi/Domain_Rules/body_domain_rules.html indicates some other // TLDs are "reserved", such as edu.vi and gov.vi, but doesn't actually say they // are available for registration (which they do not seem to be). vi co.vi com.vi k12.vi net.vi org.vi // vn : https://www.dot.vn/vnnic/vnnic/domainregistration.jsp vn com.vn net.vn org.vn edu.vn gov.vn int.vn ac.vn biz.vn info.vn name.vn pro.vn health.vn // vu : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vu // http://www.vunic.vu/ vu com.vu edu.vu net.vu org.vu // wf : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf wf // ws : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ws // http://samoanic.ws/index.dhtml ws com.ws net.ws org.ws gov.ws edu.ws // yt : http://www.afnic.fr/medias/documents/AFNIC-naming-policy2012.pdf yt // IDN ccTLDs // When submitting patches, please maintain a sort by ISO 3166 ccTLD, then // U-label, and follow this format: // // A-Label ("", [, variant info]) : // // [sponsoring org] // U-Label // xn--mgbaam7a8h ("Emerat", Arabic) : AE // http://nic.ae/english/arabicdomain/rules.jsp xn--mgbaam7a8h // xn--y9a3aq ("hye", Armenian) : AM // ISOC AM (operated by .am Registry) xn--y9a3aq // xn--54b7fta0cc ("Bangla", Bangla) : BD xn--54b7fta0cc // xn--90ae ("bg", Bulgarian) : BG xn--90ae // xn--90ais ("bel", Belarusian/Russian Cyrillic) : BY // Operated by .by registry xn--90ais // xn--fiqs8s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Simplified) : CN // CNNIC // http://cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2005/10/11/3218.htm xn--fiqs8s // xn--fiqz9s ("Zhongguo/China", Chinese, Traditional) : CN // CNNIC // http://cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2005/10/11/3218.htm xn--fiqz9s // xn--lgbbat1ad8j ("Algeria/Al Jazair", Arabic) : DZ xn--lgbbat1ad8j // xn--wgbh1c ("Egypt/Masr", Arabic) : EG // http://www.dotmasr.eg/ xn--wgbh1c // xn--e1a4c ("eu", Cyrillic) : EU xn--e1a4c // xn--node ("ge", Georgian Mkhedruli) : GE xn--node // xn--qxam ("el", Greek) : GR // Hellenic Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport, and Networks xn--qxam // xn--j6w193g ("Hong Kong", Chinese) : HK // https://www.hkirc.hk // Submitted by registry // https://www.hkirc.hk/content.jsp?id=30#!/34 xn--j6w193g xn--55qx5d.xn--j6w193g xn--wcvs22d.xn--j6w193g xn--mxtq1m.xn--j6w193g xn--gmqw5a.xn--j6w193g xn--od0alg.xn--j6w193g xn--uc0atv.xn--j6w193g // xn--2scrj9c ("Bharat", Kannada) : IN // India xn--2scrj9c // xn--3hcrj9c ("Bharat", Oriya) : IN // India xn--3hcrj9c // xn--45br5cyl ("Bharatam", Assamese) : IN // India xn--45br5cyl // xn--h2breg3eve ("Bharatam", Sanskrit) : IN // India xn--h2breg3eve // xn--h2brj9c8c ("Bharot", Santali) : IN // India xn--h2brj9c8c // xn--mgbgu82a ("Bharat", Sindhi) : IN // India xn--mgbgu82a // xn--rvc1e0am3e ("Bharatam", Malayalam) : IN // India xn--rvc1e0am3e // xn--h2brj9c ("Bharat", Devanagari) : IN // India xn--h2brj9c // xn--mgbbh1a ("Bharat", Kashmiri) : IN // India xn--mgbbh1a // xn--mgbbh1a71e ("Bharat", Arabic) : IN // India xn--mgbbh1a71e // xn--fpcrj9c3d ("Bharat", Telugu) : IN // India xn--fpcrj9c3d // xn--gecrj9c ("Bharat", Gujarati) : IN // India xn--gecrj9c // xn--s9brj9c ("Bharat", Gurmukhi) : IN // India xn--s9brj9c // xn--45brj9c ("Bharat", Bengali) : IN // India xn--45brj9c // xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h ("India", Tamil) : IN // India xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h // xn--mgba3a4f16a ("Iran", Persian) : IR xn--mgba3a4f16a // xn--mgba3a4fra ("Iran", Arabic) : IR xn--mgba3a4fra // xn--mgbtx2b ("Iraq", Arabic) : IQ // Communications and Media Commission xn--mgbtx2b // xn--mgbayh7gpa ("al-Ordon", Arabic) : JO // National Information Technology Center (NITC) // Royal Scientific Society, Al-Jubeiha xn--mgbayh7gpa // xn--3e0b707e ("Republic of Korea", Hangul) : KR xn--3e0b707e // xn--80ao21a ("Kaz", Kazakh) : KZ xn--80ao21a // xn--fzc2c9e2c ("Lanka", Sinhalese-Sinhala) : LK // http://nic.lk xn--fzc2c9e2c // xn--xkc2al3hye2a ("Ilangai", Tamil) : LK // http://nic.lk xn--xkc2al3hye2a // xn--mgbc0a9azcg ("Morocco/al-Maghrib", Arabic) : MA xn--mgbc0a9azcg // xn--d1alf ("mkd", Macedonian) : MK // MARnet xn--d1alf // xn--l1acc ("mon", Mongolian) : MN xn--l1acc // xn--mix891f ("Macao", Chinese, Traditional) : MO // MONIC / HNET Asia (Registry Operator for .mo) xn--mix891f // xn--mix082f ("Macao", Chinese, Simplified) : MO xn--mix082f // xn--mgbx4cd0ab ("Malaysia", Malay) : MY xn--mgbx4cd0ab // xn--mgb9awbf ("Oman", Arabic) : OM xn--mgb9awbf // xn--mgbai9azgqp6j ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic) : PK xn--mgbai9azgqp6j // xn--mgbai9a5eva00b ("Pakistan", Urdu/Arabic, variant) : PK xn--mgbai9a5eva00b // xn--ygbi2ammx ("Falasteen", Arabic) : PS // The Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA) // http://www.pnina.ps xn--ygbi2ammx // xn--90a3ac ("srb", Cyrillic) : RS // https://www.rnids.rs/en/domains/national-domains xn--90a3ac xn--o1ac.xn--90a3ac xn--c1avg.xn--90a3ac xn--90azh.xn--90a3ac xn--d1at.xn--90a3ac xn--o1ach.xn--90a3ac xn--80au.xn--90a3ac // xn--p1ai ("rf", Russian-Cyrillic) : RU // http://www.cctld.ru/en/docs/rulesrf.php xn--p1ai // xn--wgbl6a ("Qatar", Arabic) : QA // http://www.ict.gov.qa/ xn--wgbl6a // xn--mgberp4a5d4ar ("AlSaudiah", Arabic) : SA // http://www.nic.net.sa/ xn--mgberp4a5d4ar // xn--mgberp4a5d4a87g ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA xn--mgberp4a5d4a87g // xn--mgbqly7c0a67fbc ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA xn--mgbqly7c0a67fbc // xn--mgbqly7cvafr ("AlSaudiah", Arabic, variant) : SA xn--mgbqly7cvafr // xn--mgbpl2fh ("sudan", Arabic) : SD // Operated by .sd registry xn--mgbpl2fh // xn--yfro4i67o Singapore ("Singapore", Chinese) : SG xn--yfro4i67o // xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd ("Singapore", Tamil) : SG xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd // xn--ogbpf8fl ("Syria", Arabic) : SY xn--ogbpf8fl // xn--mgbtf8fl ("Syria", Arabic, variant) : SY xn--mgbtf8fl // xn--o3cw4h ("Thai", Thai) : TH // http://www.thnic.co.th xn--o3cw4h xn--12c1fe0br.xn--o3cw4h xn--12co0c3b4eva.xn--o3cw4h xn--h3cuzk1di.xn--o3cw4h xn--o3cyx2a.xn--o3cw4h xn--m3ch0j3a.xn--o3cw4h xn--12cfi8ixb8l.xn--o3cw4h // xn--pgbs0dh ("Tunisia", Arabic) : TN // http://nic.tn xn--pgbs0dh // xn--kpry57d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Traditional) : TW // http://www.twnic.net/english/dn/dn_07a.htm xn--kpry57d // xn--kprw13d ("Taiwan", Chinese, Simplified) : TW // http://www.twnic.net/english/dn/dn_07a.htm xn--kprw13d // xn--nnx388a ("Taiwan", Chinese, variant) : TW xn--nnx388a // xn--j1amh ("ukr", Cyrillic) : UA xn--j1amh // xn--mgb2ddes ("AlYemen", Arabic) : YE xn--mgb2ddes // xxx : http://icmregistry.com xxx // ye : http://www.y.net.ye/services/domain_name.htm *.ye // za : http://www.zadna.org.za/content/page/domain-information ac.za agric.za alt.za co.za edu.za gov.za grondar.za law.za mil.za net.za ngo.za nis.za nom.za org.za school.za tm.za web.za // zm : https://zicta.zm/ // Submitted by registry zm ac.zm biz.zm co.zm com.zm edu.zm gov.zm info.zm mil.zm net.zm org.zm sch.zm // zw : https://www.potraz.gov.zw/ // Confirmed by registry 2017-01-25 zw ac.zw co.zw gov.zw mil.zw org.zw // newGTLDs // List of new gTLDs imported from https://newgtlds.icann.org/newgtlds.csv on 2018-05-08T19:40:37Z // This list is auto-generated, don't edit it manually. // aaa : 2015-02-26 American Automobile Association, Inc. aaa // aarp : 2015-05-21 AARP aarp // abarth : 2015-07-30 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. abarth // abb : 2014-10-24 ABB Ltd abb // abbott : 2014-07-24 Abbott Laboratories, Inc. abbott // abbvie : 2015-07-30 AbbVie Inc. abbvie // abc : 2015-07-30 Disney Enterprises, Inc. abc // able : 2015-06-25 Able Inc. able // abogado : 2014-04-24 Minds + Machines Group Limited abogado // abudhabi : 2015-07-30 Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre abudhabi // academy : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC academy // accenture : 2014-08-15 Accenture plc accenture // accountant : 2014-11-20 dot Accountant Limited accountant // accountants : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC accountants // aco : 2015-01-08 ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG aco // active : 2014-05-01 Active Network, LLC active // actor : 2013-12-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd. actor // adac : 2015-07-16 Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC) adac // ads : 2014-12-04 Charleston Road Registry Inc. ads // adult : 2014-10-16 ICM Registry AD LLC adult // aeg : 2015-03-19 Aktiebolaget Electrolux aeg // aetna : 2015-05-21 Aetna Life Insurance Company aetna // afamilycompany : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. afamilycompany // afl : 2014-10-02 Australian Football League afl // africa : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as Registry.Africa africa // agakhan : 2015-04-23 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) agakhan // agency : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC agency // aig : 2014-12-18 American International Group, Inc. aig // aigo : 2015-08-06 aigo Digital Technology Co,Ltd. aigo // airbus : 2015-07-30 Airbus S.A.S. airbus // airforce : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. airforce // airtel : 2014-10-24 Bharti Airtel Limited airtel // akdn : 2015-04-23 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) akdn // alfaromeo : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. alfaromeo // alibaba : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited alibaba // alipay : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited alipay // allfinanz : 2014-07-03 Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft allfinanz // allstate : 2015-07-31 Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company allstate // ally : 2015-06-18 Ally Financial Inc. ally // alsace : 2014-07-02 Region Grand Est alsace // alstom : 2015-07-30 ALSTOM alstom // americanexpress : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. americanexpress // americanfamily : 2015-07-23 AmFam, Inc. americanfamily // amex : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. amex // amfam : 2015-07-23 AmFam, Inc. amfam // amica : 2015-05-28 Amica Mutual Insurance Company amica // amsterdam : 2014-07-24 Gemeente Amsterdam amsterdam // analytics : 2014-12-18 Campus IP LLC analytics // android : 2014-08-07 Charleston Road Registry Inc. android // anquan : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. anquan // anz : 2015-07-31 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited anz // aol : 2015-09-17 Oath Inc. aol // apartments : 2014-12-11 Binky Moon, LLC apartments // app : 2015-05-14 Charleston Road Registry Inc. app // apple : 2015-05-14 Apple Inc. apple // aquarelle : 2014-07-24 Aquarelle.com aquarelle // arab : 2015-11-12 League of Arab States arab // aramco : 2014-11-20 Aramco Services Company aramco // archi : 2014-02-06 Afilias plc archi // army : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. army // art : 2016-03-24 UK Creative Ideas Limited art // arte : 2014-12-11 Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. arte // asda : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. asda // associates : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC associates // athleta : 2015-07-30 The Gap, Inc. athleta // attorney : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. attorney // auction : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. auction // audi : 2015-05-21 AUDI Aktiengesellschaft audi // audible : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. audible // audio : 2014-03-20 Uniregistry, Corp. audio // auspost : 2015-08-13 Australian Postal Corporation auspost // author : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. author // auto : 2014-11-13 Cars Registry Limited auto // autos : 2014-01-09 DERAutos, LLC autos // avianca : 2015-01-08 Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A. Avianca avianca // aws : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. aws // axa : 2013-12-19 AXA SA axa // azure : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation azure // baby : 2015-04-09 Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. baby // baidu : 2015-01-08 Baidu, Inc. baidu // banamex : 2015-07-30 Citigroup Inc. banamex // bananarepublic : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc. bananarepublic // band : 2014-06-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd. band // bank : 2014-09-25 fTLD Registry Services LLC bank // bar : 2013-12-12 Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable bar // barcelona : 2014-07-24 Municipi de Barcelona barcelona // barclaycard : 2014-11-20 Barclays Bank PLC barclaycard // barclays : 2014-11-20 Barclays Bank PLC barclays // barefoot : 2015-06-11 Gallo Vineyards, Inc. barefoot // bargains : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC bargains // baseball : 2015-10-29 MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC baseball // basketball : 2015-08-20 Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) basketball // bauhaus : 2014-04-17 Werkhaus GmbH bauhaus // bayern : 2014-01-23 Bayern Connect GmbH bayern // bbc : 2014-12-18 British Broadcasting Corporation bbc // bbt : 2015-07-23 BB&T Corporation bbt // bbva : 2014-10-02 BANCO BILBAO VIZCAYA ARGENTARIA, S.A. bbva // bcg : 2015-04-02 The Boston Consulting Group, Inc. bcg // bcn : 2014-07-24 Municipi de Barcelona bcn // beats : 2015-05-14 Beats Electronics, LLC beats // beauty : 2015-12-03 L'Oréal beauty // beer : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited beer // bentley : 2014-12-18 Bentley Motors Limited bentley // berlin : 2013-10-31 dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG berlin // best : 2013-12-19 BestTLD Pty Ltd best // bestbuy : 2015-07-31 BBY Solutions, Inc. bestbuy // bet : 2015-05-07 Afilias plc bet // bharti : 2014-01-09 Bharti Enterprises (Holding) Private Limited bharti // bible : 2014-06-19 American Bible Society bible // bid : 2013-12-19 dot Bid Limited bid // bike : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC bike // bing : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation bing // bingo : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC bingo // bio : 2014-03-06 Afilias plc bio // black : 2014-01-16 Afilias plc black // blackfriday : 2014-01-16 Uniregistry, Corp. blackfriday // blockbuster : 2015-07-30 Dish DBS Corporation blockbuster // blog : 2015-05-14 Knock Knock WHOIS There, LLC blog // bloomberg : 2014-07-17 Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC bloomberg // blue : 2013-11-07 Afilias plc blue // bms : 2014-10-30 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company bms // bmw : 2014-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft bmw // bnl : 2014-07-24 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro bnl // bnpparibas : 2014-05-29 BNP Paribas bnpparibas // boats : 2014-12-04 DERBoats, LLC boats // boehringer : 2015-07-09 Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH boehringer // bofa : 2015-07-31 Bank of America Corporation bofa // bom : 2014-10-16 Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br bom // bond : 2014-06-05 Bond University Limited bond // boo : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc. boo // book : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. book // booking : 2015-07-16 Booking.com B.V. booking // bosch : 2015-06-18 Robert Bosch GMBH bosch // bostik : 2015-05-28 Bostik SA bostik // boston : 2015-12-10 Boston TLD Management, LLC boston // bot : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. bot // boutique : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC boutique // box : 2015-11-12 NS1 Limited box // bradesco : 2014-12-18 Banco Bradesco S.A. bradesco // bridgestone : 2014-12-18 Bridgestone Corporation bridgestone // broadway : 2014-12-22 Celebrate Broadway, Inc. broadway // broker : 2014-12-11 Dotbroker Registry Limited broker // brother : 2015-01-29 Brother Industries, Ltd. brother // brussels : 2014-02-06 DNS.be vzw brussels // budapest : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited budapest // bugatti : 2015-07-23 Bugatti International SA bugatti // build : 2013-11-07 Plan Bee LLC build // builders : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC builders // business : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC business // buy : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. buy // buzz : 2013-10-02 DOTSTRATEGY CO. buzz // bzh : 2014-02-27 Association www.bzh bzh // cab : 2013-10-24 Binky Moon, LLC cab // cafe : 2015-02-11 Binky Moon, LLC cafe // cal : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc. cal // call : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. call // calvinklein : 2015-07-30 PVH gTLD Holdings LLC calvinklein // cam : 2016-04-21 AC Webconnecting Holding B.V. cam // camera : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC camera // camp : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC camp // cancerresearch : 2014-05-15 Australian Cancer Research Foundation cancerresearch // canon : 2014-09-12 Canon Inc. canon // capetown : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry capetown // capital : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC capital // capitalone : 2015-08-06 Capital One Financial Corporation capitalone // car : 2015-01-22 Cars Registry Limited car // caravan : 2013-12-12 Caravan International, Inc. caravan // cards : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC cards // care : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC care // career : 2013-10-09 dotCareer LLC career // careers : 2013-10-02 Binky Moon, LLC careers // cars : 2014-11-13 Cars Registry Limited cars // cartier : 2014-06-23 Richemont DNS Inc. cartier // casa : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited casa // case : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V. case // caseih : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V. caseih // cash : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC cash // casino : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC casino // catering : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC catering // catholic : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) 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Technology Co., Ltd. cyou // dabur : 2014-02-06 Dabur India Limited dabur // dad : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. dad // dance : 2013-10-24 United TLD Holdco Ltd. dance // data : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation data // date : 2014-11-20 dot Date Limited date // dating : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC dating // datsun : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. datsun // day : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc. day // dclk : 2014-11-20 Charleston Road Registry Inc. dclk // dds : 2015-05-07 Minds + Machines Group Limited dds // deal : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. deal // dealer : 2014-12-22 Dealer Dot Com, Inc. dealer // deals : 2014-05-22 Binky Moon, LLC deals // degree : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. degree // delivery : 2014-09-11 Binky Moon, LLC delivery // dell : 2014-10-24 Dell Inc. dell // deloitte : 2015-07-31 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu deloitte // delta : 2015-02-19 Delta Air Lines, Inc. delta // democrat : 2013-10-24 United TLD Holdco Ltd. democrat // dental 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Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA) doha // domains : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC domains // dot : 2015-05-21 Dish DBS Corporation dot // download : 2014-11-20 dot Support Limited download // drive : 2015-03-05 Charleston Road Registry Inc. drive // dtv : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation dtv // dubai : 2015-01-01 Dubai Smart Government Department dubai // duck : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. duck // dunlop : 2015-07-02 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company dunlop // duns : 2015-08-06 The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation duns // dupont : 2015-06-25 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company dupont // durban : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry durban // dvag : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG dvag // dvr : 2016-05-26 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation dvr // earth : 2014-12-04 Interlink Co., Ltd. earth // eat : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. eat // eco : 2016-07-08 Big Room Inc. eco // edeka : 2014-12-18 EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V. edeka // education : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC education // email : 2013-10-31 Binky Moon, LLC email // emerck : 2014-04-03 Merck KGaA emerck // energy : 2014-09-11 Binky Moon, LLC energy // engineer : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. engineer // engineering : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC engineering // enterprises : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC enterprises // epson : 2014-12-04 Seiko Epson Corporation epson // equipment : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC equipment // ericsson : 2015-07-09 Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson ericsson // erni : 2014-04-03 ERNI Group Holding AG erni // esq : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc. esq // estate : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC estate // esurance : 2015-07-23 Esurance Insurance Company esurance // etisalat : 2015-09-03 Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) etisalat // eurovision : 2014-04-24 European Broadcasting Union (EBU) eurovision // eus : 2013-12-12 Puntueus Fundazioa eus // events : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC events // everbank : 2014-05-15 EverBank everbank // exchange : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC exchange // expert : 2013-11-21 Binky Moon, LLC expert // exposed : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC exposed // express : 2015-02-11 Binky Moon, LLC express // extraspace : 2015-05-14 Extra Space Storage LLC extraspace // fage : 2014-12-18 Fage International S.A. fage // fail : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC fail // fairwinds : 2014-11-13 FairWinds Partners, LLC fairwinds // faith : 2014-11-20 dot Faith Limited faith // family : 2015-04-02 United TLD Holdco Ltd. family // fan : 2014-03-06 Asiamix Digital Limited fan // fans : 2014-11-07 Asiamix Digital Limited fans // farm : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC farm // farmers : 2015-07-09 Farmers Insurance Exchange farmers // fashion : 2014-07-03 Minds + Machines Group Limited fashion // fast : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. fast // fedex : 2015-08-06 Federal Express Corporation fedex // feedback : 2013-12-19 Top Level Spectrum, Inc. feedback // ferrari : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. ferrari // ferrero : 2014-12-18 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. ferrero // fiat : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. fiat // fidelity : 2015-07-30 Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC fidelity // fido : 2015-08-06 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. fido // film : 2015-01-08 Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd film // final : 2014-10-16 Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br final // finance : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC finance // financial : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC financial // fire : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. fire // firestone : 2014-12-18 Bridgestone Licensing Services, Inc firestone // firmdale : 2014-03-27 Firmdale Holdings Limited firmdale // fish : 2013-12-12 Binky Moon, LLC fish // fishing : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited fishing // fit : 2014-11-07 Minds + Machines Group Limited fit // fitness : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC fitness // flickr : 2015-04-02 Yahoo! Domain Services Inc. flickr // flights : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC flights // flir : 2015-07-23 FLIR Systems, Inc. flir // florist : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC florist // flowers : 2014-10-09 Uniregistry, Corp. flowers // fly : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc. fly // foo : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. foo // food : 2016-04-21 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. food // foodnetwork : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. foodnetwork // football : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC football // ford : 2014-11-13 Ford Motor Company ford // forex : 2014-12-11 Dotforex Registry Limited forex // forsale : 2014-05-22 United TLD Holdco Ltd. forsale // forum : 2015-04-02 Fegistry, LLC forum // foundation : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC foundation // fox : 2015-09-11 FOX Registry, LLC fox // free : 2015-12-10 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. free // fresenius : 2015-07-30 Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH fresenius // frl : 2014-05-15 FRLregistry B.V. frl // frogans : 2013-12-19 OP3FT frogans // frontdoor : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. frontdoor // frontier : 2015-02-05 Frontier Communications Corporation frontier // ftr : 2015-07-16 Frontier Communications Corporation ftr // fujitsu : 2015-07-30 Fujitsu Limited fujitsu // fujixerox : 2015-07-23 Xerox DNHC LLC fujixerox // fun : 2016-01-14 DotSpace Inc. fun // fund : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC fund // furniture : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC furniture // futbol : 2013-09-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. futbol // fyi : 2015-04-02 Binky Moon, LLC fyi // gal : 2013-11-07 Asociación puntoGAL gal // gallery : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC gallery // gallo : 2015-06-11 Gallo Vineyards, Inc. gallo // gallup : 2015-02-19 Gallup, Inc. gallup // game : 2015-05-28 Uniregistry, Corp. game // games : 2015-05-28 United TLD Holdco Ltd. games // gap : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc. gap // garden : 2014-06-26 Minds + Machines Group Limited garden // gbiz : 2014-07-17 Charleston Road Registry Inc. gbiz // gdn : 2014-07-31 Joint Stock Company "Navigation-information systems" gdn // gea : 2014-12-04 GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft gea // gent : 2014-01-23 COMBELL NV gent // genting : 2015-03-12 Resorts World Inc Pte. Ltd. genting // george : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. george // ggee : 2014-01-09 GMO Internet, Inc. ggee // gift : 2013-10-17 DotGift, LLC gift // gifts : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC gifts // gives : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. gives // giving : 2014-11-13 Giving Limited giving // glade : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. glade // glass : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC glass // gle : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc. gle // global : 2014-04-17 Dot Global Domain Registry Limited global // globo : 2013-12-19 Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A globo // gmail : 2014-05-01 Charleston Road Registry Inc. gmail // gmbh : 2016-01-29 Binky Moon, LLC gmbh // gmo : 2014-01-09 GMO Internet Pte. Ltd. gmo // gmx : 2014-04-24 1&1 Mail & Media GmbH gmx // godaddy : 2015-07-23 Go Daddy East, LLC godaddy // gold : 2015-01-22 Binky Moon, LLC gold // goldpoint : 2014-11-20 YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD. goldpoint // golf : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC golf // goo : 2014-12-18 NTT Resonant Inc. goo // goodyear : 2015-07-02 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company goodyear // goog : 2014-11-20 Charleston Road Registry Inc. goog // google : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc. google // gop : 2014-01-16 Republican State Leadership Committee, Inc. gop // got : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. got // grainger : 2015-05-07 Grainger Registry Services, LLC grainger // graphics : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC graphics // gratis : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC gratis // green : 2014-05-08 Afilias plc green // gripe : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC gripe // grocery : 2016-06-16 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. grocery // group : 2014-08-15 Binky Moon, LLC group // guardian : 2015-07-30 The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America guardian // gucci : 2014-11-13 Guccio Gucci S.p.a. gucci // guge : 2014-08-28 Charleston Road Registry Inc. guge // guide : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC guide // guitars : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp. guitars // guru : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC guru // hair : 2015-12-03 L'Oréal hair // hamburg : 2014-02-20 Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH hamburg // hangout : 2014-11-13 Charleston Road Registry Inc. hangout // haus : 2013-12-05 United TLD Holdco Ltd. haus // hbo : 2015-07-30 HBO Registry Services, Inc. hbo // hdfc : 2015-07-30 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION LIMITED hdfc // hdfcbank : 2015-02-12 HDFC Bank Limited hdfcbank // health : 2015-02-11 DotHealth, LLC health // healthcare : 2014-06-12 Binky Moon, LLC healthcare // help : 2014-06-26 Uniregistry, Corp. help // helsinki : 2015-02-05 City of Helsinki helsinki // here : 2014-02-06 Charleston Road Registry Inc. here // hermes : 2014-07-10 HERMES INTERNATIONAL hermes // hgtv : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. hgtv // hiphop : 2014-03-06 Uniregistry, Corp. hiphop // hisamitsu : 2015-07-16 Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co.,Inc. hisamitsu // hitachi : 2014-10-31 Hitachi, Ltd. hitachi // hiv : 2014-03-13 Uniregistry, Corp. hiv // hkt : 2015-05-14 PCCW-HKT DataCom Services Limited hkt // hockey : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC hockey // holdings : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC holdings // holiday : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC holiday // homedepot : 2015-04-02 Home Depot Product Authority, LLC homedepot // homegoods : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. homegoods // homes : 2014-01-09 DERHomes, LLC homes // homesense : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. homesense // honda : 2014-12-18 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. honda // honeywell : 2015-07-23 Honeywell GTLD LLC honeywell // horse : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines Group Limited horse // hospital : 2016-10-20 Binky Moon, LLC hospital // host : 2014-04-17 DotHost Inc. host // hosting : 2014-05-29 Uniregistry, Corp. hosting // hot : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. hot // hoteles : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL hoteles // hotels : 2016-04-07 Booking.com B.V. hotels // hotmail : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation hotmail // house : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC house // how : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. how // hsbc : 2014-10-24 HSBC Global Services (UK) Limited hsbc // hughes : 2015-07-30 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation hughes // hyatt : 2015-07-30 Hyatt GTLD, L.L.C. hyatt // hyundai : 2015-07-09 Hyundai Motor Company hyundai // ibm : 2014-07-31 International Business Machines Corporation ibm // icbc : 2015-02-19 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited icbc // ice : 2014-10-30 IntercontinentalExchange, Inc. ice // icu : 2015-01-08 ShortDot SA icu // ieee : 2015-07-23 IEEE Global LLC ieee // ifm : 2014-01-30 ifm electronic gmbh ifm // ikano : 2015-07-09 Ikano S.A. ikano // imamat : 2015-08-06 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) imamat // imdb : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. imdb // immo : 2014-07-10 Binky Moon, LLC immo // immobilien : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd. immobilien // inc : 2018-03-10 GTLD Limited inc // industries : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC industries // infiniti : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. infiniti // ing : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. ing // ink : 2013-12-05 Top Level Design, LLC ink // institute : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC institute // insurance : 2015-02-19 fTLD Registry Services LLC insurance // insure : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC insure // intel : 2015-08-06 Intel Corporation intel // international : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC international // intuit : 2015-07-30 Intuit Administrative Services, Inc. intuit // investments : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC investments // ipiranga : 2014-08-28 Ipiranga Produtos de Petroleo S.A. ipiranga // irish : 2014-08-07 Binky Moon, LLC irish // iselect : 2015-02-11 iSelect Ltd iselect // ismaili : 2015-08-06 Fondation Aga Khan (Aga Khan Foundation) ismaili // ist : 2014-08-28 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ist // istanbul : 2014-08-28 Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality istanbul // itau : 2014-10-02 Itau Unibanco Holding S.A. itau // itv : 2015-07-09 ITV Services Limited itv // iveco : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V. iveco // jaguar : 2014-11-13 Jaguar Land Rover Ltd jaguar // java : 2014-06-19 Oracle Corporation java // jcb : 2014-11-20 JCB Co., Ltd. jcb // jcp : 2015-04-23 JCP Media, Inc. jcp // jeep : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC. jeep // jetzt : 2014-01-09 Binky Moon, LLC jetzt // jewelry : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC jewelry // jio : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited jio // jll : 2015-04-02 Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated jll // jmp : 2015-03-26 Matrix IP LLC jmp // jnj : 2015-06-18 Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. jnj // joburg : 2014-03-24 ZA Central Registry NPC trading as ZA Central Registry joburg // jot : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. jot // joy : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. joy // jpmorgan : 2015-04-30 JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association jpmorgan // jprs : 2014-09-18 Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd. jprs // juegos : 2014-03-20 Uniregistry, Corp. juegos // juniper : 2015-07-30 JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC. juniper // kaufen : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd. kaufen // kddi : 2014-09-12 KDDI CORPORATION kddi // kerryhotels : 2015-04-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited kerryhotels // kerrylogistics : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited kerrylogistics // kerryproperties : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited kerryproperties // kfh : 2014-12-04 Kuwait Finance House kfh // kia : 2015-07-09 KIA MOTORS CORPORATION kia // kim : 2013-09-23 Afilias plc kim // kinder : 2014-11-07 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. kinder // kindle : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. kindle // kitchen : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC kitchen // kiwi : 2013-09-20 DOT KIWI LIMITED kiwi // koeln : 2014-01-09 punkt.wien GmbH koeln // komatsu : 2015-01-08 Komatsu Ltd. komatsu // kosher : 2015-08-20 Kosher Marketing Assets LLC kosher // kpmg : 2015-04-23 KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International Genossenschaft) kpmg // kpn : 2015-01-08 Koninklijke KPN N.V. kpn // krd : 2013-12-05 KRG Department of Information Technology krd // kred : 2013-12-19 KredTLD Pty Ltd kred // kuokgroup : 2015-04-09 Kerry Trading Co. Limited kuokgroup // kyoto : 2014-11-07 Academic Institution: Kyoto Jyoho Gakuen kyoto // lacaixa : 2014-01-09 Fundación Bancaria Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona, “la Caixa” lacaixa // ladbrokes : 2015-08-06 LADBROKES INTERNATIONAL PLC ladbrokes // lamborghini : 2015-06-04 Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. lamborghini // lamer : 2015-10-01 The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. lamer // lancaster : 2015-02-12 LANCASTER lancaster // lancia : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. lancia // lancome : 2015-07-23 L'Oréal lancome // land : 2013-09-10 Binky Moon, LLC land // landrover : 2014-11-13 Jaguar Land Rover Ltd landrover // lanxess : 2015-07-30 LANXESS Corporation lanxess // lasalle : 2015-04-02 Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated lasalle // lat : 2014-10-16 ECOM-LAC Federaciòn de Latinoamèrica y el Caribe para Internet y el Comercio Electrònico lat // latino : 2015-07-30 Dish DBS Corporation latino // latrobe : 2014-06-16 La Trobe University latrobe // law : 2015-01-22 Minds + Machines Group Limited law // lawyer : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. lawyer // lds : 2014-03-20 IRI Domain Management, LLC ("Applicant") lds // lease : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC lease // leclerc : 2014-08-07 A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc leclerc // lefrak : 2015-07-16 LeFrak Organization, Inc. lefrak // legal : 2014-10-16 Binky Moon, LLC legal // lego : 2015-07-16 LEGO Juris A/S lego // lexus : 2015-04-23 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION lexus // lgbt : 2014-05-08 Afilias plc lgbt // liaison : 2014-10-02 Liaison Technologies, Incorporated liaison // lidl : 2014-09-18 Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG lidl // life : 2014-02-06 Binky Moon, LLC life // lifeinsurance : 2015-01-15 American Council of Life Insurers lifeinsurance // lifestyle : 2014-12-11 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. lifestyle // lighting : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC lighting // like : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. like // lilly : 2015-07-31 Eli Lilly and Company lilly // limited : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC limited // limo : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC limo // lincoln : 2014-11-13 Ford Motor Company lincoln // linde : 2014-12-04 Linde Aktiengesellschaft linde // link : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp. link // lipsy : 2015-06-25 Lipsy Ltd lipsy // live : 2014-12-04 United TLD Holdco Ltd. live // living : 2015-07-30 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. living // lixil : 2015-03-19 LIXIL Group Corporation lixil // llc : 2017-12-14 Afilias plc llc // loan : 2014-11-20 dot Loan Limited loan // loans : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC loans // locker : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation locker // locus : 2015-06-25 Locus Analytics LLC locus // loft : 2015-07-30 Annco, Inc. loft // lol : 2015-01-30 Uniregistry, Corp. lol // london : 2013-11-14 Dot London Domains Limited london // lotte : 2014-11-07 Lotte Holdings Co., Ltd. lotte // lotto : 2014-04-10 Afilias plc lotto // love : 2014-12-22 Merchant Law Group LLP love // lpl : 2015-07-30 LPL Holdings, Inc. lpl // lplfinancial : 2015-07-30 LPL Holdings, Inc. lplfinancial // ltd : 2014-09-25 Binky Moon, LLC ltd // ltda : 2014-04-17 InterNetX, Corp ltda // lundbeck : 2015-08-06 H. Lundbeck A/S lundbeck // lupin : 2014-11-07 LUPIN LIMITED lupin // luxe : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited luxe // luxury : 2013-10-17 Luxury Partners, LLC luxury // macys : 2015-07-31 Macys, Inc. macys // madrid : 2014-05-01 Comunidad de Madrid madrid // maif : 2014-10-02 Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF) maif // maison : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC maison // makeup : 2015-01-15 L'Oréal makeup // man : 2014-12-04 MAN SE man // management : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC management // mango : 2013-10-24 PUNTO FA S.L. mango // map : 2016-06-09 Charleston Road Registry Inc. map // market : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. market // marketing : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC marketing // markets : 2014-12-11 Dotmarkets Registry Limited markets // marriott : 2014-10-09 Marriott Worldwide Corporation marriott // marshalls : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. marshalls // maserati : 2015-07-31 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. maserati // mattel : 2015-08-06 Mattel Sites, Inc. mattel // mba : 2015-04-02 Binky Moon, LLC mba // mckinsey : 2015-07-31 McKinsey Holdings, Inc. mckinsey // med : 2015-08-06 Medistry LLC med // media : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC media // meet : 2014-01-16 Charleston Road Registry Inc. meet // melbourne : 2014-05-29 The Crown in right of the State of Victoria, represented by its Department of State Development, Business and Innovation melbourne // meme : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc. meme // memorial : 2014-10-16 Dog Beach, LLC memorial // men : 2015-02-26 Exclusive Registry Limited men // menu : 2013-09-11 Wedding TLD2, LLC menu // merckmsd : 2016-07-14 MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. merckmsd // metlife : 2015-05-07 MetLife Services and Solutions, LLC metlife // miami : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited miami // microsoft : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation microsoft // mini : 2014-01-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft mini // mint : 2015-07-30 Intuit Administrative Services, Inc. mint // mit : 2015-07-02 Massachusetts Institute of Technology mit // mitsubishi : 2015-07-23 Mitsubishi Corporation mitsubishi // mlb : 2015-05-21 MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC mlb // mls : 2015-04-23 The Canadian Real Estate Association mls // mma : 2014-11-07 MMA IARD mma // mobile : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation mobile // mobily : 2014-12-18 GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L. mobily // moda : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd. moda // moe : 2013-11-13 Interlink Co., Ltd. moe // moi : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. moi // mom : 2015-04-16 Uniregistry, Corp. mom // monash : 2013-09-30 Monash University monash // money : 2014-10-16 Binky Moon, LLC money // monster : 2015-09-11 Monster Worldwide, Inc. monster // mopar : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC. mopar // mormon : 2013-12-05 IRI Domain Management, LLC ("Applicant") mormon // mortgage : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. mortgage // moscow : 2013-12-19 Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID) moscow // moto : 2015-06-04 Motorola Trademark Holdings, LLC moto // motorcycles : 2014-01-09 DERMotorcycles, LLC motorcycles // mov : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc. mov // movie : 2015-02-05 Binky Moon, LLC movie // movistar : 2014-10-16 Telefónica S.A. movistar // msd : 2015-07-23 MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. msd // mtn : 2014-12-04 MTN Dubai Limited mtn // mtr : 2015-03-12 MTR Corporation Limited mtr // mutual : 2015-04-02 Northwestern Mutual MU TLD Registry, LLC mutual // nab : 2015-08-20 National Australia Bank Limited nab // nadex : 2014-12-11 Nadex Domains, Inc. nadex // nagoya : 2013-10-24 GMO Registry, Inc. nagoya // nationwide : 2015-07-23 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company nationwide // natura : 2015-03-12 NATURA COSMÉTICOS S.A. natura // navy : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. navy // nba : 2015-07-31 NBA REGISTRY, LLC nba // nec : 2015-01-08 NEC Corporation nec // netbank : 2014-06-26 COMMONWEALTH BANK OF AUSTRALIA netbank // netflix : 2015-06-18 Netflix, Inc. netflix // network : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC network // neustar : 2013-12-05 Registry Services, LLC neustar // new : 2014-01-30 Charleston Road Registry Inc. new // newholland : 2015-09-03 CNH Industrial N.V. newholland // news : 2014-12-18 United TLD Holdco Ltd. news // next : 2015-06-18 Next plc next // nextdirect : 2015-06-18 Next plc nextdirect // nexus : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc. nexus // nfl : 2015-07-23 NFL Reg Ops LLC nfl // ngo : 2014-03-06 Public Interest Registry ngo // nhk : 2014-02-13 Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) nhk // nico : 2014-12-04 DWANGO Co., Ltd. nico // nike : 2015-07-23 NIKE, Inc. nike // nikon : 2015-05-21 NIKON CORPORATION nikon // ninja : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd. ninja // nissan : 2014-03-27 NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. nissan // nissay : 2015-10-29 Nippon Life Insurance Company nissay // nokia : 2015-01-08 Nokia Corporation nokia // northwesternmutual : 2015-06-18 Northwestern Mutual Registry, LLC northwesternmutual // norton : 2014-12-04 Symantec Corporation norton // now : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. now // nowruz : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. nowruz // nowtv : 2015-05-14 Starbucks (HK) Limited nowtv // nra : 2014-05-22 NRA Holdings Company, INC. nra // nrw : 2013-11-21 Minds + Machines GmbH nrw // ntt : 2014-10-31 NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION ntt // nyc : 2014-01-23 The City of New York by and through the New York City Department of Information Technology & Telecommunications nyc // obi : 2014-09-25 OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA obi // observer : 2015-04-30 Top Level Spectrum, Inc. observer // off : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. off // office : 2015-03-12 Microsoft Corporation office // okinawa : 2013-12-05 BRregistry, Inc. okinawa // olayan : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH olayan // olayangroup : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH olayangroup // oldnavy : 2015-07-31 The Gap, Inc. oldnavy // ollo : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation ollo // omega : 2015-01-08 The Swatch Group Ltd omega // one : 2014-11-07 One.com A/S one // ong : 2014-03-06 Public Interest Registry ong // onl : 2013-09-16 I-Registry Ltd. onl // online : 2015-01-15 DotOnline Inc. online // onyourside : 2015-07-23 Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company onyourside // ooo : 2014-01-09 INFIBEAM INCORPORATION LIMITED ooo // open : 2015-07-31 American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. open // oracle : 2014-06-19 Oracle Corporation oracle // orange : 2015-03-12 Orange Brand Services Limited orange // organic : 2014-03-27 Afilias plc organic // origins : 2015-10-01 The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. origins // osaka : 2014-09-04 Osaka Registry Co., Ltd. osaka // otsuka : 2013-10-11 Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd. otsuka // ott : 2015-06-04 Dish DBS Corporation ott // ovh : 2014-01-16 OVH SAS ovh // page : 2014-12-04 Charleston Road Registry Inc. page // panasonic : 2015-07-30 Panasonic Corporation panasonic // paris : 2014-01-30 City of Paris paris // pars : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. pars // partners : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC partners // parts : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC parts // party : 2014-09-11 Blue Sky Registry Limited party // passagens : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL passagens // pay : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. pay // pccw : 2015-05-14 PCCW Enterprises Limited pccw // pet : 2015-05-07 Afilias plc pet // pfizer : 2015-09-11 Pfizer Inc. pfizer // pharmacy : 2014-06-19 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy pharmacy // phd : 2016-07-28 Charleston Road Registry Inc. phd // philips : 2014-11-07 Koninklijke Philips N.V. philips // phone : 2016-06-02 Dish DBS Corporation phone // photo : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp. photo // photography : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC photography // photos : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC photos // physio : 2014-05-01 PhysBiz Pty Ltd physio // piaget : 2014-10-16 Richemont DNS Inc. piaget // pics : 2013-11-14 Uniregistry, Corp. pics // pictet : 2014-06-26 Pictet Europe S.A. pictet // pictures : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC pictures // pid : 2015-01-08 Top Level Spectrum, Inc. pid // pin : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. pin // ping : 2015-06-11 Ping Registry Provider, Inc. ping // pink : 2013-10-01 Afilias plc pink // pioneer : 2015-07-16 Pioneer Corporation pioneer // pizza : 2014-06-26 Binky Moon, LLC pizza // place : 2014-04-24 Binky Moon, LLC place // play : 2015-03-05 Charleston Road Registry Inc. play // playstation : 2015-07-02 Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. playstation // plumbing : 2013-09-10 Binky Moon, LLC plumbing // plus : 2015-02-05 Binky Moon, LLC plus // pnc : 2015-07-02 PNC Domain Co., LLC pnc // pohl : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG pohl // poker : 2014-07-03 Afilias plc poker // politie : 2015-08-20 Politie Nederland politie // porn : 2014-10-16 ICM Registry PN LLC porn // pramerica : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc. pramerica // praxi : 2013-12-05 Praxi S.p.A. praxi // press : 2014-04-03 DotPress Inc. press // prime : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. prime // prod : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. prod // productions : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC productions // prof : 2014-07-24 Charleston Road Registry Inc. prof // progressive : 2015-07-23 Progressive Casualty Insurance Company progressive // promo : 2014-12-18 Afilias plc promo // properties : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC properties // property : 2014-05-22 Uniregistry, Corp. property // protection : 2015-04-23 XYZ.COM LLC protection // pru : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc. pru // prudential : 2015-07-30 Prudential Financial, Inc. prudential // pub : 2013-12-12 United TLD Holdco Ltd. pub // pwc : 2015-10-29 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP pwc // qpon : 2013-11-14 dotCOOL, Inc. qpon // quebec : 2013-12-19 PointQuébec Inc quebec // quest : 2015-03-26 Quest ION Limited quest // qvc : 2015-07-30 QVC, Inc. qvc // racing : 2014-12-04 Premier Registry Limited racing // radio : 2016-07-21 European Broadcasting Union (EBU) radio // raid : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. raid // read : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. read // realestate : 2015-09-11 dotRealEstate LLC realestate // realtor : 2014-05-29 Real Estate Domains LLC realtor // realty : 2015-03-19 Fegistry, LLC realty // recipes : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC recipes // red : 2013-11-07 Afilias plc red // redstone : 2014-10-31 Redstone Haute Couture Co., Ltd. redstone // redumbrella : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC redumbrella // rehab : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. rehab // reise : 2014-03-13 Binky Moon, LLC reise // reisen : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC reisen // reit : 2014-09-04 National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. reit // reliance : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited reliance // ren : 2013-12-12 Beijing Qianxiang Wangjing Technology Development Co., Ltd. ren // rent : 2014-12-04 XYZ.COM LLC rent // rentals : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC rentals // repair : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC repair // report : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC report // republican : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. republican // rest : 2013-12-19 Punto 2012 Sociedad Anonima Promotora de Inversion de Capital Variable rest // restaurant : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC restaurant // review : 2014-11-20 dot Review Limited review // reviews : 2013-09-13 United TLD Holdco Ltd. reviews // rexroth : 2015-06-18 Robert Bosch GMBH rexroth // rich : 2013-11-21 I-Registry Ltd. rich // richardli : 2015-05-14 Pacific Century Asset Management (HK) Limited richardli // ricoh : 2014-11-20 Ricoh Company, Ltd. ricoh // rightathome : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. rightathome // ril : 2015-04-02 Reliance Industries Limited ril // rio : 2014-02-27 Empresa Municipal de Informática SA - IPLANRIO rio // rip : 2014-07-10 United TLD Holdco Ltd. rip // rmit : 2015-11-19 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology rmit // rocher : 2014-12-18 Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. rocher // rocks : 2013-11-14 United TLD Holdco Ltd. rocks // rodeo : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited rodeo // rogers : 2015-08-06 Rogers Communications Canada Inc. rogers // room : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. room // rsvp : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc. rsvp // rugby : 2016-12-15 World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited rugby // ruhr : 2013-10-02 regiodot GmbH & Co. KG ruhr // run : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC run // rwe : 2015-04-02 RWE AG rwe // ryukyu : 2014-01-09 BRregistry, Inc. ryukyu // saarland : 2013-12-12 dotSaarland GmbH saarland // safe : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. safe // safety : 2015-01-08 Safety Registry Services, LLC. safety // sakura : 2014-12-18 SAKURA Internet Inc. sakura // sale : 2014-10-16 United TLD Holdco Ltd. sale // salon : 2014-12-11 Binky Moon, LLC salon // samsclub : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. samsclub // samsung : 2014-04-03 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD samsung // sandvik : 2014-11-13 Sandvik AB sandvik // sandvikcoromant : 2014-11-07 Sandvik AB sandvikcoromant // sanofi : 2014-10-09 Sanofi sanofi // sap : 2014-03-27 SAP AG sap // sarl : 2014-07-03 Binky Moon, LLC sarl // sas : 2015-04-02 Research IP LLC sas // save : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. save // saxo : 2014-10-31 Saxo Bank A/S saxo // sbi : 2015-03-12 STATE BANK OF INDIA sbi // sbs : 2014-11-07 SPECIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CORPORATION sbs // sca : 2014-03-13 SVENSKA CELLULOSA AKTIEBOLAGET SCA (publ) sca // scb : 2014-02-20 The Siam Commercial Bank Public Company Limited ("SCB") scb // schaeffler : 2015-08-06 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG schaeffler // schmidt : 2014-04-03 SALM S.A.S. schmidt // scholarships : 2014-04-24 Scholarships.com, LLC scholarships // school : 2014-12-18 Binky Moon, LLC school // schule : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC schule // schwarz : 2014-09-18 Schwarz Domains und Services GmbH & Co. KG schwarz // science : 2014-09-11 dot Science Limited science // scjohnson : 2015-07-23 Johnson Shareholdings, Inc. scjohnson // scor : 2014-10-31 SCOR SE scor // scot : 2014-01-23 Dot Scot Registry Limited scot // search : 2016-06-09 Charleston Road Registry Inc. search // seat : 2014-05-22 SEAT, S.A. (Sociedad Unipersonal) seat // secure : 2015-08-27 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. secure // security : 2015-05-14 XYZ.COM LLC security // seek : 2014-12-04 Seek Limited seek // select : 2015-10-08 iSelect Ltd select // sener : 2014-10-24 Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. sener // services : 2014-02-27 Binky Moon, LLC services // ses : 2015-07-23 SES ses // seven : 2015-08-06 Seven West Media Ltd seven // sew : 2014-07-17 SEW-EURODRIVE GmbH & Co KG sew // sex : 2014-11-13 ICM Registry SX LLC sex // sexy : 2013-09-11 Uniregistry, Corp. sexy // sfr : 2015-08-13 Societe Francaise du Radiotelephone - SFR sfr // shangrila : 2015-09-03 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited shangrila // sharp : 2014-05-01 Sharp Corporation sharp // shaw : 2015-04-23 Shaw Cablesystems G.P. shaw // shell : 2015-07-30 Shell Information Technology International Inc shell // shia : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. shia // shiksha : 2013-11-14 Afilias plc shiksha // shoes : 2013-10-02 Binky Moon, LLC shoes // shop : 2016-04-08 GMO Registry, Inc. shop // shopping : 2016-03-31 Binky Moon, LLC shopping // shouji : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. shouji // show : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC show // showtime : 2015-08-06 CBS Domains Inc. showtime // shriram : 2014-01-23 Shriram Capital Ltd. shriram // silk : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. silk // sina : 2015-03-12 Sina Corporation sina // singles : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC singles // site : 2015-01-15 DotSite Inc. site // ski : 2015-04-09 Afilias plc ski // skin : 2015-01-15 L'Oréal skin // sky : 2014-06-19 Sky International AG sky // skype : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation skype // sling : 2015-07-30 Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation sling // smart : 2015-07-09 Smart Communications, Inc. (SMART) smart // smile : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. smile // sncf : 2015-02-19 Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais S N C F sncf // soccer : 2015-03-26 Binky Moon, LLC soccer // social : 2013-11-07 United TLD Holdco Ltd. social // softbank : 2015-07-02 SoftBank Corp. softbank // software : 2014-03-20 United TLD Holdco Ltd. software // sohu : 2013-12-19 Sohu.com Limited sohu // solar : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC solar // solutions : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC solutions // song : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. song // sony : 2015-01-08 Sony Corporation sony // soy : 2014-01-23 Charleston Road Registry Inc. soy // space : 2014-04-03 DotSpace Inc. space // sport : 2017-11-16 Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) sport // spot : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. spot // spreadbetting : 2014-12-11 Dotspreadbetting Registry Limited spreadbetting // srl : 2015-05-07 InterNetX, Corp srl // srt : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC. srt // stada : 2014-11-13 STADA Arzneimittel AG stada // staples : 2015-07-30 Staples, Inc. staples // star : 2015-01-08 Star India Private Limited star // starhub : 2015-02-05 StarHub Ltd starhub // statebank : 2015-03-12 STATE BANK OF INDIA statebank // statefarm : 2015-07-30 State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company statefarm // stc : 2014-10-09 Saudi Telecom Company stc // stcgroup : 2014-10-09 Saudi Telecom Company stcgroup // stockholm : 2014-12-18 Stockholms kommun stockholm // storage : 2014-12-22 XYZ.COM LLC storage // store : 2015-04-09 DotStore Inc. store // stream : 2016-01-08 dot Stream Limited stream // studio : 2015-02-11 United TLD Holdco Ltd. studio // study : 2014-12-11 OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD study // style : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC style // sucks : 2014-12-22 Vox Populi Registry Ltd. sucks // supplies : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC supplies // supply : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC supply // support : 2013-10-24 Binky Moon, LLC support // surf : 2014-01-09 Minds + Machines Group Limited surf // surgery : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC surgery // suzuki : 2014-02-20 SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION suzuki // swatch : 2015-01-08 The Swatch Group Ltd swatch // swiftcover : 2015-07-23 Swiftcover Insurance Services Limited swiftcover // swiss : 2014-10-16 Swiss Confederation swiss // sydney : 2014-09-18 State of New South Wales, Department of Premier and Cabinet sydney // symantec : 2014-12-04 Symantec Corporation symantec // systems : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC systems // tab : 2014-12-04 Tabcorp Holdings Limited tab // taipei : 2014-07-10 Taipei City Government taipei // talk : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. talk // taobao : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited taobao // target : 2015-07-31 Target Domain Holdings, LLC target // tatamotors : 2015-03-12 Tata Motors Ltd tatamotors // tatar : 2014-04-24 Limited Liability Company "Coordination Center of Regional Domain of Tatarstan Republic" tatar // tattoo : 2013-08-30 Uniregistry, Corp. tattoo // tax : 2014-03-20 Binky Moon, LLC tax // taxi : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC taxi // tci : 2014-09-12 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. tci // tdk : 2015-06-11 TDK Corporation tdk // team : 2015-03-05 Binky Moon, LLC team // tech : 2015-01-30 Personals TLD Inc. tech // technology : 2013-09-13 Binky Moon, LLC technology // telefonica : 2014-10-16 Telefónica S.A. telefonica // temasek : 2014-08-07 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited temasek // tennis : 2014-12-04 Binky Moon, LLC tennis // teva : 2015-07-02 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited teva // thd : 2015-04-02 Home Depot Product Authority, LLC thd // theater : 2015-03-19 Binky Moon, LLC theater // theatre : 2015-05-07 XYZ.COM LLC theatre // tiaa : 2015-07-23 Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America tiaa // tickets : 2015-02-05 Accent Media Limited tickets // tienda : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC tienda // tiffany : 2015-01-30 Tiffany and Company tiffany // tips : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC tips // tires : 2014-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC tires // tirol : 2014-04-24 punkt Tirol GmbH tirol // tjmaxx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. tjmaxx // tjx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. tjx // tkmaxx : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. tkmaxx // tmall : 2015-01-15 Alibaba Group Holding Limited tmall // today : 2013-09-20 Binky Moon, LLC today // tokyo : 2013-11-13 GMO Registry, Inc. tokyo // tools : 2013-11-21 Binky Moon, LLC tools // top : 2014-03-20 .TOP Registry top // toray : 2014-12-18 Toray Industries, Inc. toray // toshiba : 2014-04-10 TOSHIBA Corporation toshiba // total : 2015-08-06 Total SA total // tours : 2015-01-22 Binky Moon, LLC tours // town : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC town // toyota : 2015-04-23 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION toyota // toys : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC toys // trade : 2014-01-23 Elite Registry Limited trade // trading : 2014-12-11 Dottrading Registry Limited trading // training : 2013-11-07 Binky Moon, LLC training // travel : Dog Beach, LLC travel // travelchannel : 2015-07-02 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. travelchannel // travelers : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC travelers // travelersinsurance : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC travelersinsurance // trust : 2014-10-16 NCC Group Inc. trust // trv : 2015-03-26 Travelers TLD, LLC trv // tube : 2015-06-11 Latin American Telecom LLC tube // tui : 2014-07-03 TUI AG tui // tunes : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. tunes // tushu : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. tushu // tvs : 2015-02-19 T V SUNDRAM IYENGAR & SONS LIMITED tvs // ubank : 2015-08-20 National Australia Bank Limited ubank // ubs : 2014-12-11 UBS AG ubs // uconnect : 2015-07-30 FCA US LLC. uconnect // unicom : 2015-10-15 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited unicom // university : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC university // uno : 2013-09-11 Dot Latin LLC uno // uol : 2014-05-01 UBN INTERNET LTDA. uol // ups : 2015-06-25 UPS Market Driver, Inc. ups // vacations : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC vacations // vana : 2014-12-11 Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. vana // vanguard : 2015-09-03 The Vanguard Group, Inc. vanguard // vegas : 2014-01-16 Dot Vegas, Inc. vegas // ventures : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC ventures // verisign : 2015-08-13 VeriSign, Inc. verisign // versicherung : 2014-03-20 TLD-BOX Registrydienstleistungen GmbH versicherung // vet : 2014-03-06 United TLD Holdco Ltd. vet // viajes : 2013-10-17 Binky Moon, LLC viajes // video : 2014-10-16 United TLD Holdco Ltd. video // vig : 2015-05-14 VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP AG Wiener Versicherung Gruppe vig // viking : 2015-04-02 Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd. viking // villas : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC villas // vin : 2015-06-18 Binky Moon, LLC vin // vip : 2015-01-22 Minds + Machines Group Limited vip // virgin : 2014-09-25 Virgin Enterprises Limited virgin // visa : 2015-07-30 Visa Worldwide Pte. Limited visa // vision : 2013-12-05 Binky Moon, LLC vision // vistaprint : 2014-09-18 Vistaprint Limited vistaprint // viva : 2014-11-07 Saudi Telecom Company viva // vivo : 2015-07-31 Telefonica Brasil S.A. vivo // vlaanderen : 2014-02-06 DNS.be vzw vlaanderen // vodka : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited vodka // volkswagen : 2015-05-14 Volkswagen Group of America Inc. volkswagen // volvo : 2015-11-12 Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag volvo // vote : 2013-11-21 Monolith Registry LLC vote // voting : 2013-11-13 Valuetainment Corp. voting // voto : 2013-11-21 Monolith Registry LLC voto // voyage : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC voyage // vuelos : 2015-03-05 Travel Reservations SRL vuelos // wales : 2014-05-08 Nominet UK wales // walmart : 2015-07-31 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. walmart // walter : 2014-11-13 Sandvik AB walter // wang : 2013-10-24 Zodiac Wang Limited wang // wanggou : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. wanggou // warman : 2015-06-18 Weir Group IP Limited warman // watch : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC watch // watches : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc. watches // weather : 2015-01-08 International Business Machines Corporation weather // weatherchannel : 2015-03-12 International Business Machines Corporation weatherchannel // webcam : 2014-01-23 dot Webcam Limited webcam // weber : 2015-06-04 Saint-Gobain Weber SA weber // website : 2014-04-03 DotWebsite Inc. website // wed : 2013-10-01 Atgron, Inc. wed // wedding : 2014-04-24 Minds + Machines Group Limited wedding // weibo : 2015-03-05 Sina Corporation weibo // weir : 2015-01-29 Weir Group IP Limited weir // whoswho : 2014-02-20 Who's Who Registry whoswho // wien : 2013-10-28 punkt.wien GmbH wien // wiki : 2013-11-07 Top Level Design, LLC wiki // williamhill : 2014-03-13 William Hill Organization Limited williamhill // win : 2014-11-20 First Registry Limited win // windows : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation windows // wine : 2015-06-18 Binky Moon, LLC wine // winners : 2015-07-16 The TJX Companies, Inc. winners // wme : 2014-02-13 William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC wme // wolterskluwer : 2015-08-06 Wolters Kluwer N.V. wolterskluwer // woodside : 2015-07-09 Woodside Petroleum Limited woodside // work : 2013-12-19 Minds + Machines Group Limited work // works : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC works // world : 2014-06-12 Binky Moon, LLC world // wow : 2015-10-08 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. wow // wtc : 2013-12-19 World Trade Centers Association, Inc. wtc // wtf : 2014-03-06 Binky Moon, LLC wtf // xbox : 2014-12-18 Microsoft Corporation xbox // xerox : 2014-10-24 Xerox DNHC LLC xerox // xfinity : 2015-07-09 Comcast IP Holdings I, LLC xfinity // xihuan : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. xihuan // xin : 2014-12-11 Elegant Leader Limited xin // xn--11b4c3d : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--11b4c3d // xn--1ck2e1b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--1ck2e1b // xn--1qqw23a : 2014-01-09 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. xn--1qqw23a // xn--30rr7y : 2014-06-12 Excellent First Limited xn--30rr7y // xn--3bst00m : 2013-09-13 Eagle Horizon Limited xn--3bst00m // xn--3ds443g : 2013-09-08 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED xn--3ds443g // xn--3oq18vl8pn36a : 2015-07-02 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. xn--3oq18vl8pn36a // xn--3pxu8k : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--3pxu8k // xn--42c2d9a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--42c2d9a // xn--45q11c : 2013-11-21 Zodiac Gemini Ltd xn--45q11c // xn--4gbrim : 2013-10-04 Suhub Electronic Establishment xn--4gbrim // xn--55qw42g : 2013-11-08 China Organizational Name Administration Center xn--55qw42g // xn--55qx5d : 2013-11-14 China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) xn--55qx5d // xn--5su34j936bgsg : 2015-09-03 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited xn--5su34j936bgsg // xn--5tzm5g : 2014-12-22 Global Website TLD Asia Limited xn--5tzm5g // xn--6frz82g : 2013-09-23 Afilias plc xn--6frz82g // xn--6qq986b3xl : 2013-09-13 Tycoon Treasure Limited xn--6qq986b3xl // xn--80adxhks : 2013-12-19 Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development (FAITID) xn--80adxhks // xn--80aqecdr1a : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) xn--80aqecdr1a // xn--80asehdb : 2013-07-14 CORE Association xn--80asehdb // xn--80aswg : 2013-07-14 CORE Association xn--80aswg // xn--8y0a063a : 2015-03-26 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited xn--8y0a063a // xn--9dbq2a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--9dbq2a // xn--9et52u : 2014-06-12 RISE VICTORY LIMITED xn--9et52u // xn--9krt00a : 2015-03-12 Sina Corporation xn--9krt00a // xn--b4w605ferd : 2014-08-07 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited xn--b4w605ferd // xn--bck1b9a5dre4c : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--bck1b9a5dre4c // xn--c1avg : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry xn--c1avg // xn--c2br7g : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--c2br7g // xn--cck2b3b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--cck2b3b // xn--cg4bki : 2013-09-27 SAMSUNG SDS CO., LTD xn--cg4bki // xn--czr694b : 2014-01-16 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited xn--czr694b // xn--czrs0t : 2013-12-19 Binky Moon, LLC xn--czrs0t // xn--czru2d : 2013-11-21 Zodiac Aquarius Limited xn--czru2d // xn--d1acj3b : 2013-11-20 The Foundation for Network Initiatives “The Smart Internet” xn--d1acj3b // xn--eckvdtc9d : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--eckvdtc9d // xn--efvy88h : 2014-08-22 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. xn--efvy88h // xn--estv75g : 2015-02-19 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited xn--estv75g // xn--fct429k : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--fct429k // xn--fhbei : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--fhbei // xn--fiq228c5hs : 2013-09-08 TLD REGISTRY LIMITED xn--fiq228c5hs // xn--fiq64b : 2013-10-14 CITIC Group Corporation xn--fiq64b // xn--fjq720a : 2014-05-22 Binky Moon, LLC xn--fjq720a // xn--flw351e : 2014-07-31 Charleston Road Registry Inc. xn--flw351e // xn--fzys8d69uvgm : 2015-05-14 PCCW Enterprises Limited xn--fzys8d69uvgm // xn--g2xx48c : 2015-01-30 Minds + Machines Group Limited xn--g2xx48c // xn--gckr3f0f : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--gckr3f0f // xn--gk3at1e : 2015-10-08 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--gk3at1e // xn--hxt814e : 2014-05-15 Zodiac Taurus Limited xn--hxt814e // xn--i1b6b1a6a2e : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry xn--i1b6b1a6a2e // xn--imr513n : 2014-12-11 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited xn--imr513n // xn--io0a7i : 2013-11-14 China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) xn--io0a7i // xn--j1aef : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--j1aef // xn--jlq61u9w7b : 2015-01-08 Nokia Corporation xn--jlq61u9w7b // xn--jvr189m : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--jvr189m // xn--kcrx77d1x4a : 2014-11-07 Koninklijke Philips N.V. xn--kcrx77d1x4a // xn--kpu716f : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc. xn--kpu716f // xn--kput3i : 2014-02-13 Beijing RITT-Net Technology Development Co., Ltd xn--kput3i // xn--mgba3a3ejt : 2014-11-20 Aramco Services Company xn--mgba3a3ejt // xn--mgba7c0bbn0a : 2015-05-14 Crescent Holding GmbH xn--mgba7c0bbn0a // xn--mgbaakc7dvf : 2015-09-03 Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) xn--mgbaakc7dvf // xn--mgbab2bd : 2013-10-31 CORE Association xn--mgbab2bd // xn--mgbb9fbpob : 2014-12-18 GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L. xn--mgbb9fbpob // xn--mgbca7dzdo : 2015-07-30 Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Centre xn--mgbca7dzdo // xn--mgbi4ecexp : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) xn--mgbi4ecexp // xn--mgbt3dhd : 2014-09-04 Asia Green IT System Bilgisayar San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. xn--mgbt3dhd // xn--mk1bu44c : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--mk1bu44c // xn--mxtq1m : 2014-03-06 Net-Chinese Co., Ltd. xn--mxtq1m // xn--ngbc5azd : 2013-07-13 International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd. xn--ngbc5azd // xn--ngbe9e0a : 2014-12-04 Kuwait Finance House xn--ngbe9e0a // xn--ngbrx : 2015-11-12 League of Arab States xn--ngbrx // xn--nqv7f : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry xn--nqv7f // xn--nqv7fs00ema : 2013-11-14 Public Interest Registry xn--nqv7fs00ema // xn--nyqy26a : 2014-11-07 Stable Tone Limited xn--nyqy26a // xn--otu796d : 2017-08-06 Dot Trademark TLD Holding Company Limited xn--otu796d // xn--p1acf : 2013-12-12 Rusnames Limited xn--p1acf // xn--pbt977c : 2014-12-22 Richemont DNS Inc. xn--pbt977c // xn--pssy2u : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--pssy2u // xn--q9jyb4c : 2013-09-17 Charleston Road Registry Inc. xn--q9jyb4c // xn--qcka1pmc : 2014-07-31 Charleston Road Registry Inc. xn--qcka1pmc // xn--rhqv96g : 2013-09-11 Stable Tone Limited xn--rhqv96g // xn--rovu88b : 2015-02-26 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. xn--rovu88b // xn--ses554g : 2014-01-16 KNET Co., Ltd. xn--ses554g // xn--t60b56a : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--t60b56a // xn--tckwe : 2015-01-15 VeriSign Sarl xn--tckwe // xn--tiq49xqyj : 2015-10-21 Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) xn--tiq49xqyj // xn--unup4y : 2013-07-14 Binky Moon, LLC xn--unup4y // xn--vermgensberater-ctb : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG xn--vermgensberater-ctb // xn--vermgensberatung-pwb : 2014-06-23 Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft DVAG xn--vermgensberatung-pwb // xn--vhquv : 2013-08-27 Binky Moon, LLC xn--vhquv // xn--vuq861b : 2014-10-16 Beijing Tele-info Network Technology Co., Ltd. xn--vuq861b // xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra : 2015-04-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra // xn--w4rs40l : 2015-07-30 Kerry Trading Co. Limited xn--w4rs40l // xn--xhq521b : 2013-11-14 Guangzhou YU Wei Information Technology Co., Ltd. xn--xhq521b // xn--zfr164b : 2013-11-08 China Organizational Name Administration Center xn--zfr164b // xyz : 2013-12-05 XYZ.COM LLC xyz // yachts : 2014-01-09 DERYachts, LLC yachts // yahoo : 2015-04-02 Yahoo! Domain Services Inc. yahoo // yamaxun : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. yamaxun // yandex : 2014-04-10 YANDEX, LLC yandex // yodobashi : 2014-11-20 YODOBASHI CAMERA CO.,LTD. yodobashi // yoga : 2014-05-29 Minds + Machines Group Limited yoga // yokohama : 2013-12-12 GMO Registry, Inc. yokohama // you : 2015-04-09 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. you // youtube : 2014-05-01 Charleston Road Registry Inc. youtube // yun : 2015-01-08 QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. yun // zappos : 2015-06-25 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. zappos // zara : 2014-11-07 Industria de Diseño Textil, S.A. (INDITEX, S.A.) zara // zero : 2014-12-18 Amazon Registry Services, Inc. zero // zip : 2014-05-08 Charleston Road Registry Inc. zip // zone : 2013-11-14 Binky Moon, LLC zone // zuerich : 2014-11-07 Kanton Zürich (Canton of Zurich) zuerich // ===END ICANN DOMAINS=== // ===BEGIN PRIVATE DOMAINS=== // (Note: these are in alphabetical order by company name) // 1GB LLC : https://www.1gb.ua/ // Submitted by 1GB LLC cc.ua inf.ua ltd.ua // Agnat sp. z o.o. : https://domena.pl // Submitted by Przemyslaw Plewa beep.pl // Alces Software Ltd : http://alces-software.com // Submitted by Mark J. Titorenko *.compute.estate *.alces.network // alwaysdata : https://www.alwaysdata.com // Submitted by Cyril alwaysdata.net // Amazon CloudFront : https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/ // Submitted by Donavan Miller cloudfront.net // Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud : https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/ // Submitted by Luke Wells *.compute.amazonaws.com *.compute-1.amazonaws.com *.compute.amazonaws.com.cn us-east-1.amazonaws.com // Amazon Elastic Beanstalk : https://aws.amazon.com/elasticbeanstalk/ // Submitted by Luke Wells cn-north-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn cn-northwest-1.eb.amazonaws.com.cn elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-northeast-3.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-south-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-southeast-1.elasticbeanstalk.com ap-southeast-2.elasticbeanstalk.com ca-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-central-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com eu-west-3.elasticbeanstalk.com sa-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-east-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-east-2.elasticbeanstalk.com us-gov-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-west-1.elasticbeanstalk.com us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com // Amazon Elastic Load Balancing : https://aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/ // Submitted by Luke Wells *.elb.amazonaws.com *.elb.amazonaws.com.cn // Amazon S3 : https://aws.amazon.com/s3/ // Submitted by Luke Wells s3.amazonaws.com s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com s3-ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com s3-ap-south-1.amazonaws.com s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-eu-west-3.amazonaws.com s3-external-1.amazonaws.com s3-fips-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-sa-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-us-east-2.amazonaws.com s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com s3.cn-north-1.amazonaws.com.cn s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com s3.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.sa-east-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com s3.dualstack.us-east-2.amazonaws.com s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-website-us-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-website-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com s3-website-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com s3-website-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com s3-website-sa-east-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com s3-website.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com s3-website.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com s3-website.eu-west-3.amazonaws.com s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com // Amune : https://amune.org/ // Submitted by Team Amune t3l3p0rt.net tele.amune.org // Apigee : https://apigee.com/ // Submitted by Apigee Security Team apigee.io // Aptible : https://www.aptible.com/ // Submitted by Thomas Orozco on-aptible.com // Asociación Amigos de la Informática "Euskalamiga" : http://encounter.eus/ // Submitted by Hector Martin user.party.eus // Association potager.org : https://potager.org/ // Submitted by Lunar pimienta.org poivron.org potager.org sweetpepper.org // ASUSTOR Inc. : http://www.asustor.com // Submitted by Vincent Tseng myasustor.com // Automattic Inc. : https://automattic.com/ // Submitted by Alex Concha go-vip.co wpcomstaging.com // AVM : https://avm.de // Submitted by Andreas Weise myfritz.net // AW AdvisorWebsites.com Software Inc : https://advisorwebsites.com // Submitted by James Kennedy *.awdev.ca *.advisor.ws // backplane : https://www.backplane.io // Submitted by Anthony Voutas backplaneapp.io // BetaInABox // Submitted by Adrian betainabox.com // BinaryLane : http://www.binarylane.com // Submitted by Nathan O'Sullivan bnr.la // Blackbaud, Inc. : https://www.blackbaud.com // Submitted by Paul Crowder blackbaudcdn.net // Boomla : https://boomla.com // Submitted by Tibor Halter boomla.net // Boxfuse : https://boxfuse.com // Submitted by Axel Fontaine boxfuse.io // bplaced : https://www.bplaced.net/ // Submitted by Miroslav Bozic square7.ch bplaced.com bplaced.de square7.de bplaced.net square7.net // BrowserSafetyMark // Submitted by Dave Tharp browsersafetymark.io // Bytemark Hosting : https://www.bytemark.co.uk // Submitted by Paul Cammish dh.bytemark.co.uk vm.bytemark.co.uk // callidomus : https://www.callidomus.com/ // Submitted by Marcus Popp mycd.eu // CentralNic : http://www.centralnic.com/names/domains // Submitted by registry ae.org ar.com br.com cn.com com.de com.se de.com eu.com gb.com gb.net hu.com hu.net jp.net jpn.com kr.com mex.com no.com qc.com ru.com sa.com se.net uk.com uk.net us.com uy.com za.bz za.com // Africa.com Web Solutions Ltd : https://registry.africa.com // Submitted by Gavin Brown africa.com // iDOT Services Limited : http://www.domain.gr.com // Submitted by Gavin Brown gr.com // Radix FZC : http://domains.in.net // Submitted by Gavin Brown in.net // US REGISTRY LLC : http://us.org // Submitted by Gavin Brown us.org // co.com Registry, LLC : https://registry.co.com // Submitted by Gavin Brown co.com // c.la : http://www.c.la/ c.la // certmgr.org : https://certmgr.org // Submitted by B. Blechschmidt certmgr.org // Citrix : https://citrix.com // Submitted by Alex Stoddard xenapponazure.com // ClearVox : http://www.clearvox.nl/ // Submitted by Leon Rowland virtueeldomein.nl // Clever Cloud : https://www.clever-cloud.com/ // Submitted by Quentin Adam cleverapps.io // Cloud66 : https://www.cloud66.com/ // Submitted by Khash Sajadi c66.me cloud66.ws // CloudAccess.net : https://www.cloudaccess.net/ // Submitted by Pawel Panek jdevcloud.com wpdevcloud.com cloudaccess.host freesite.host cloudaccess.net // cloudControl : https://www.cloudcontrol.com/ // Submitted by Tobias Wilken cloudcontrolled.com cloudcontrolapp.com // co.ca : http://registry.co.ca/ co.ca // Co & Co : https://co-co.nl/ // Submitted by Govert Versluis *.otap.co // i-registry s.r.o. : http://www.i-registry.cz/ // Submitted by Martin Semrad co.cz // CDN77.com : http://www.cdn77.com // Submitted by Jan Krpes c.cdn77.org cdn77-ssl.net r.cdn77.net rsc.cdn77.org ssl.origin.cdn77-secure.org // Cloud DNS Ltd : http://www.cloudns.net // Submitted by Aleksander Hristov cloudns.asia cloudns.biz cloudns.club cloudns.cc cloudns.eu cloudns.in cloudns.info cloudns.org cloudns.pro cloudns.pw cloudns.us // Cloudeity Inc : https://cloudeity.com // Submitted by Stefan Dimitrov cloudeity.net // CNPY : https://cnpy.gdn // Submitted by Angelo Gladding cnpy.gdn // CoDNS B.V. co.nl co.no // Combell.com : https://www.combell.com // Submitted by Thomas Wouters webhosting.be hosting-cluster.nl // COSIMO GmbH : http://www.cosimo.de // Submitted by Rene Marticke dyn.cosidns.de dynamisches-dns.de dnsupdater.de internet-dns.de l-o-g-i-n.de dynamic-dns.info feste-ip.net knx-server.net static-access.net // Craynic, s.r.o. : http://www.craynic.com/ // Submitted by Ales Krajnik realm.cz // Cryptonomic : https://cryptonomic.net/ // Submitted by Andrew Cady *.cryptonomic.net // Cupcake : https://cupcake.io/ // Submitted by Jonathan Rudenberg cupcake.is // cyon GmbH : https://www.cyon.ch/ // Submitted by Dominic 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Drobo : http://www.drobo.com/ // Submitted by Ricardo Padilha mydrobo.com // Drud Holdings, LLC. : https://www.drud.com/ // Submitted by Kevin Bridges drud.io drud.us // DuckDNS : http://www.duckdns.org/ // Submitted by Richard Harper duckdns.org // dy.fi : http://dy.fi/ // Submitted by Heikki Hannikainen dy.fi tunk.org // DynDNS.com : http://www.dyndns.com/services/dns/dyndns/ dyndns-at-home.com dyndns-at-work.com dyndns-blog.com dyndns-free.com dyndns-home.com dyndns-ip.com dyndns-mail.com dyndns-office.com dyndns-pics.com dyndns-remote.com dyndns-server.com dyndns-web.com dyndns-wiki.com dyndns-work.com dyndns.biz dyndns.info dyndns.org dyndns.tv at-band-camp.net ath.cx barrel-of-knowledge.info barrell-of-knowledge.info better-than.tv blogdns.com blogdns.net blogdns.org blogsite.org boldlygoingnowhere.org broke-it.net buyshouses.net cechire.com dnsalias.com dnsalias.net dnsalias.org dnsdojo.com dnsdojo.net dnsdojo.org does-it.net doesntexist.com doesntexist.org dontexist.com dontexist.net dontexist.org doomdns.com doomdns.org dvrdns.org dyn-o-saur.com dynalias.com dynalias.net dynalias.org dynathome.net dyndns.ws endofinternet.net endofinternet.org endoftheinternet.org est-a-la-maison.com est-a-la-masion.com est-le-patron.com est-mon-blogueur.com for-better.biz for-more.biz for-our.info for-some.biz for-the.biz forgot.her.name forgot.his.name from-ak.com from-al.com from-ar.com from-az.net from-ca.com from-co.net from-ct.com from-dc.com from-de.com from-fl.com from-ga.com from-hi.com from-ia.com from-id.com from-il.com from-in.com from-ks.com from-ky.com from-la.net from-ma.com from-md.com from-me.org from-mi.com from-mn.com from-mo.com from-ms.com from-mt.com from-nc.com from-nd.com from-ne.com from-nh.com from-nj.com from-nm.com from-nv.com from-ny.net from-oh.com from-ok.com from-or.com from-pa.com from-pr.com from-ri.com from-sc.com from-sd.com from-tn.com from-tx.com from-ut.com from-va.com from-vt.com from-wa.com from-wi.com from-wv.com from-wy.com ftpaccess.cc fuettertdasnetz.de game-host.org game-server.cc getmyip.com gets-it.net go.dyndns.org gotdns.com gotdns.org groks-the.info groks-this.info ham-radio-op.net here-for-more.info hobby-site.com hobby-site.org home.dyndns.org homedns.org homeftp.net homeftp.org homeip.net homelinux.com homelinux.net homelinux.org homeunix.com homeunix.net homeunix.org iamallama.com in-the-band.net is-a-anarchist.com is-a-blogger.com is-a-bookkeeper.com is-a-bruinsfan.org is-a-bulls-fan.com is-a-candidate.org is-a-caterer.com is-a-celticsfan.org is-a-chef.com is-a-chef.net is-a-chef.org is-a-conservative.com is-a-cpa.com is-a-cubicle-slave.com is-a-democrat.com is-a-designer.com is-a-doctor.com is-a-financialadvisor.com is-a-geek.com is-a-geek.net is-a-geek.org is-a-green.com is-a-guru.com is-a-hard-worker.com is-a-hunter.com is-a-knight.org is-a-landscaper.com is-a-lawyer.com is-a-liberal.com is-a-libertarian.com is-a-linux-user.org is-a-llama.com is-a-musician.com is-a-nascarfan.com is-a-nurse.com is-a-painter.com is-a-patsfan.org is-a-personaltrainer.com is-a-photographer.com is-a-player.com is-a-republican.com is-a-rockstar.com is-a-socialist.com is-a-soxfan.org is-a-student.com is-a-teacher.com is-a-techie.com is-a-therapist.com is-an-accountant.com is-an-actor.com is-an-actress.com is-an-anarchist.com is-an-artist.com is-an-engineer.com is-an-entertainer.com is-by.us is-certified.com is-found.org is-gone.com is-into-anime.com is-into-cars.com is-into-cartoons.com is-into-games.com is-leet.com is-lost.org is-not-certified.com is-saved.org is-slick.com is-uberleet.com is-very-bad.org is-very-evil.org is-very-good.org is-very-nice.org is-very-sweet.org is-with-theband.com isa-geek.com isa-geek.net isa-geek.org isa-hockeynut.com issmarterthanyou.com isteingeek.de istmein.de kicks-ass.net kicks-ass.org knowsitall.info land-4-sale.us lebtimnetz.de leitungsen.de likes-pie.com likescandy.com merseine.nu mine.nu misconfused.org mypets.ws myphotos.cc neat-url.com office-on-the.net on-the-web.tv podzone.net podzone.org readmyblog.org saves-the-whales.com scrapper-site.net scrapping.cc selfip.biz selfip.com selfip.info selfip.net selfip.org sells-for-less.com sells-for-u.com sells-it.net sellsyourhome.org servebbs.com servebbs.net servebbs.org serveftp.net serveftp.org servegame.org shacknet.nu simple-url.com space-to-rent.com stuff-4-sale.org stuff-4-sale.us teaches-yoga.com thruhere.net traeumtgerade.de webhop.biz webhop.info webhop.net webhop.org worse-than.tv writesthisblog.com // ddnss.de : https://www.ddnss.de/ // Submitted by Robert Niedziela ddnss.de dyn.ddnss.de dyndns.ddnss.de dyndns1.de dyn-ip24.de home-webserver.de dyn.home-webserver.de myhome-server.de ddnss.org // Definima : http://www.definima.com/ // Submitted by Maxence Bitterli definima.net definima.io // dnstrace.pro : https://dnstrace.pro/ // Submitted by Chris Partridge bci.dnstrace.pro // Dynu.com : https://www.dynu.com/ // Submitted by Sue Ye ddnsfree.com ddnsgeek.com giize.com gleeze.com kozow.com loseyourip.com ooguy.com theworkpc.com casacam.net dynu.net accesscam.org camdvr.org freeddns.org mywire.org webredirect.org myddns.rocks blogsite.xyz // dynv6 : https://dynv6.com // Submitted by Dominik Menke dynv6.net // E4YOU spol. s.r.o. : https://e4you.cz/ // Submitted by Vladimir Dudr e4.cz // Enalean SAS: https://www.enalean.com // Submitted by Thomas Cottier mytuleap.com // Enonic : http://enonic.com/ // Submitted by Erik Kaareng-Sunde enonic.io customer.enonic.io // EU.org https://eu.org/ // Submitted by Pierre Beyssac eu.org al.eu.org asso.eu.org at.eu.org au.eu.org be.eu.org bg.eu.org ca.eu.org cd.eu.org ch.eu.org cn.eu.org cy.eu.org cz.eu.org de.eu.org dk.eu.org edu.eu.org ee.eu.org es.eu.org fi.eu.org fr.eu.org gr.eu.org hr.eu.org hu.eu.org ie.eu.org il.eu.org in.eu.org int.eu.org is.eu.org it.eu.org jp.eu.org kr.eu.org lt.eu.org lu.eu.org lv.eu.org mc.eu.org me.eu.org mk.eu.org mt.eu.org my.eu.org net.eu.org ng.eu.org nl.eu.org no.eu.org nz.eu.org paris.eu.org pl.eu.org pt.eu.org q-a.eu.org ro.eu.org ru.eu.org se.eu.org si.eu.org sk.eu.org tr.eu.org uk.eu.org us.eu.org // Evennode : http://www.evennode.com/ // Submitted by Michal Kralik eu-1.evennode.com eu-2.evennode.com eu-3.evennode.com eu-4.evennode.com us-1.evennode.com us-2.evennode.com us-3.evennode.com us-4.evennode.com // eDirect Corp. : https://hosting.url.com.tw/ // Submitted by C.S. chang twmail.cc twmail.net twmail.org mymailer.com.tw url.tw // Facebook, Inc. // Submitted by Peter Ruibal apps.fbsbx.com // FAITID : https://faitid.org/ // Submitted by Maxim Alzoba // https://www.flexireg.net/stat_info ru.net adygeya.ru bashkiria.ru bir.ru cbg.ru com.ru dagestan.ru grozny.ru kalmykia.ru kustanai.ru marine.ru mordovia.ru msk.ru mytis.ru nalchik.ru nov.ru pyatigorsk.ru spb.ru vladikavkaz.ru vladimir.ru abkhazia.su adygeya.su aktyubinsk.su arkhangelsk.su armenia.su ashgabad.su azerbaijan.su balashov.su bashkiria.su bryansk.su bukhara.su chimkent.su dagestan.su east-kazakhstan.su exnet.su georgia.su grozny.su ivanovo.su jambyl.su kalmykia.su kaluga.su karacol.su karaganda.su karelia.su khakassia.su krasnodar.su kurgan.su kustanai.su lenug.su mangyshlak.su mordovia.su msk.su murmansk.su nalchik.su navoi.su north-kazakhstan.su nov.su obninsk.su penza.su pokrovsk.su sochi.su spb.su tashkent.su termez.su togliatti.su troitsk.su tselinograd.su tula.su tuva.su vladikavkaz.su vladimir.su vologda.su // Fancy Bits, LLC : http://getchannels.com // Submitted by Aman Gupta channelsdvr.net // Fastly Inc. : http://www.fastly.com/ // Submitted by Fastly Security fastly-terrarium.com fastlylb.net map.fastlylb.net freetls.fastly.net map.fastly.net a.prod.fastly.net global.prod.fastly.net a.ssl.fastly.net b.ssl.fastly.net global.ssl.fastly.net // FASTVPS EESTI OU : https://fastvps.ru/ // Submitted by Likhachev Vasiliy fastpanel.direct fastvps-server.com // Featherhead : https://featherhead.xyz/ // Submitted by Simon Menke fhapp.xyz // Fedora : https://fedoraproject.org/ // submitted by Patrick Uiterwijk fedorainfracloud.org fedorapeople.org cloud.fedoraproject.org app.os.fedoraproject.org app.os.stg.fedoraproject.org // Fermax : https://fermax.com/ // submitted by Koen Van Isterdael mydobiss.com // Filegear Inc. : https://www.filegear.com // Submitted by Jason Zhu filegear.me filegear-au.me filegear-de.me filegear-gb.me filegear-ie.me filegear-jp.me filegear-sg.me // Firebase, Inc. // Submitted by Chris Raynor firebaseapp.com // Flynn : https://flynn.io // Submitted by Jonathan Rudenberg flynnhub.com flynnhosting.net // Freebox : http://www.freebox.fr // Submitted by Romain Fliedel freebox-os.com freeboxos.com fbx-os.fr fbxos.fr freebox-os.fr freeboxos.fr // freedesktop.org : https://www.freedesktop.org // Submitted by Daniel Stone freedesktop.org // Futureweb OG : http://www.futureweb.at // Submitted by Andreas Schnederle-Wagner *.futurecms.at *.ex.futurecms.at *.in.futurecms.at futurehosting.at futuremailing.at *.ex.ortsinfo.at *.kunden.ortsinfo.at *.statics.cloud // GDS : https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/operations/operating-servicegovuk-subdomains // Submitted by David Illsley service.gov.uk // GitHub, Inc. // Submitted by Patrick Toomey github.io githubusercontent.com // GitLab, Inc. // Submitted by Alex Hanselka gitlab.io // UKHomeOffice : https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office // Submitted by Jon Shanks homeoffice.gov.uk // GlobeHosting, Inc. // Submitted by Zoltan Egresi ro.im shop.ro // GoIP DNS Services : http://www.goip.de // Submitted by Christian Poulter goip.de // Google, Inc. // Submitted by Eduardo Vela run.app a.run.app *.0emm.com appspot.com blogspot.ae blogspot.al blogspot.am blogspot.ba blogspot.be blogspot.bg blogspot.bj blogspot.ca blogspot.cf blogspot.ch blogspot.cl blogspot.co.at blogspot.co.id blogspot.co.il blogspot.co.ke blogspot.co.nz blogspot.co.uk blogspot.co.za blogspot.com blogspot.com.ar blogspot.com.au blogspot.com.br blogspot.com.by blogspot.com.co blogspot.com.cy blogspot.com.ee blogspot.com.eg blogspot.com.es blogspot.com.mt blogspot.com.ng blogspot.com.tr blogspot.com.uy blogspot.cv blogspot.cz blogspot.de blogspot.dk blogspot.fi blogspot.fr blogspot.gr blogspot.hk blogspot.hr blogspot.hu blogspot.ie blogspot.in blogspot.is blogspot.it blogspot.jp blogspot.kr blogspot.li blogspot.lt blogspot.lu blogspot.md blogspot.mk blogspot.mr blogspot.mx blogspot.my blogspot.nl blogspot.no blogspot.pe blogspot.pt blogspot.qa blogspot.re blogspot.ro blogspot.rs blogspot.ru blogspot.se blogspot.sg blogspot.si blogspot.sk blogspot.sn blogspot.td blogspot.tw blogspot.ug blogspot.vn cloudfunctions.net cloud.goog codespot.com googleapis.com googlecode.com pagespeedmobilizer.com publishproxy.com withgoogle.com withyoutube.com // Hashbang : https://hashbang.sh hashbang.sh // Hasura : https://hasura.io // Submitted by Shahidh K Muhammed hasura.app hasura-app.io // Hepforge : https://www.hepforge.org // Submitted by David Grellscheid hepforge.org // Heroku : https://www.heroku.com/ // Submitted by Tom Maher herokuapp.com herokussl.com // Hibernating Rhinos // Submitted by Oren Eini myravendb.com ravendb.community ravendb.me development.run ravendb.run // Ici la Lune : http://www.icilalune.com/ // Submitted by Simon Morvan moonscale.net // iki.fi // Submitted by Hannu Aronsson iki.fi // Individual Network Berlin e.V. : https://www.in-berlin.de/ // Submitted by Christian Seitz dyn-berlin.de in-berlin.de in-brb.de in-butter.de in-dsl.de in-dsl.net in-dsl.org in-vpn.de in-vpn.net in-vpn.org // info.at : http://www.info.at/ biz.at info.at // info.cx : http://info.cx // Submitted by Jacob Slater info.cx // Interlegis : http://www.interlegis.leg.br // Submitted by Gabriel Ferreira ac.leg.br al.leg.br am.leg.br ap.leg.br ba.leg.br ce.leg.br df.leg.br es.leg.br go.leg.br ma.leg.br mg.leg.br ms.leg.br mt.leg.br pa.leg.br pb.leg.br pe.leg.br pi.leg.br pr.leg.br rj.leg.br rn.leg.br ro.leg.br rr.leg.br rs.leg.br sc.leg.br se.leg.br sp.leg.br to.leg.br // intermetrics GmbH : https://pixolino.com/ // Submitted by Wolfgang Schwarz pixolino.com // IPiFony Systems, Inc. : https://www.ipifony.com/ // Submitted by Matthew Hardeman ipifony.net // IServ GmbH : https://iserv.eu // Submitted by Kim-Alexander Brodowski mein-iserv.de test-iserv.de // Jino : https://www.jino.ru // Submitted by Sergey Ulyashin myjino.ru *.hosting.myjino.ru *.landing.myjino.ru *.spectrum.myjino.ru *.vps.myjino.ru // Joyent : https://www.joyent.com/ // Submitted by Brian Bennett *.triton.zone *.cns.joyent.com // JS.ORG : http://dns.js.org // Submitted by Stefan Keim js.org // Keyweb AG : https://www.keyweb.de // Submitted by Martin Dannehl keymachine.de // KnightPoint Systems, LLC : http://www.knightpoint.com/ // Submitted by Roy Keene knightpoint.systems // .KRD : http://nic.krd/data/krd/Registration%20Policy.pdf co.krd edu.krd // LCube - Professional hosting e.K. : https://www.lcube-webhosting.de // Submitted by Lars Laehn git-repos.de lcube-server.de svn-repos.de // Leadpages : https://www.leadpages.net // Submitted by Greg Dallavalle leadpages.co lpages.co lpusercontent.com // Lifetime Hosting : https://Lifetime.Hosting/ // Submitted by Mike Fillator co.business co.education co.events co.financial co.network co.place co.technology // Lightmaker Property Manager, Inc. : https://app.lmpm.com/ // Submitted by Greg Holland app.lmpm.com // Linki Tools UG : https://linki.tools // Submitted by Paulo Matos linkitools.space // linkyard ldt: https://www.linkyard.ch/ // Submitted by Mario Siegenthaler linkyard.cloud linkyard-cloud.ch // LiquidNet Ltd : http://www.liquidnetlimited.com/ // Submitted by Victor Velchev we.bs // LubMAN UMCS Sp. z o.o : https://lubman.pl/ // Submitted by Ireneusz Maliszewski krasnik.pl leczna.pl lubartow.pl lublin.pl poniatowa.pl swidnik.pl // Lug.org.uk : https://lug.org.uk // Submitted by Jon Spriggs uklugs.org glug.org.uk lug.org.uk lugs.org.uk // Lukanet Ltd : https://lukanet.com // Submitted by Anton Avramov barsy.bg barsy.co.uk barsyonline.co.uk barsycenter.com barsyonline.com barsy.club barsy.de barsy.eu barsy.in barsy.info barsy.io barsy.me barsy.menu barsy.mobi barsy.net barsy.online barsy.org barsy.pro barsy.pub barsy.shop barsy.site barsy.support barsy.uk // Magento Commerce // Submitted by Damien Tournoud *.magentosite.cloud // May First - People Link : https://mayfirst.org/ // Submitted by Jamie McClelland mayfirst.info mayfirst.org // Mail.Ru Group : https://hb.cldmail.ru // Submitted by Ilya Zaretskiy hb.cldmail.ru // Memset hosting : https://www.memset.com // Submitted by Tom Whitwell miniserver.com memset.net // MetaCentrum, CESNET z.s.p.o. : https://www.metacentrum.cz/en/ // Submitted by Zdeněk Šustr cloud.metacentrum.cz custom.metacentrum.cz // MetaCentrum, CESNET z.s.p.o. : https://www.metacentrum.cz/en/ // Submitted by Radim Janča flt.cloud.muni.cz usr.cloud.muni.cz // Meteor Development Group : https://www.meteor.com/hosting // Submitted by Pierre Carrier meteorapp.com eu.meteorapp.com // Michau Enterprises Limited : http://www.co.pl/ co.pl // Microsoft Corporation : http://microsoft.com // Submitted by Justin Luk azurecontainer.io azurewebsites.net azure-mobile.net cloudapp.net // Mozilla Corporation : https://mozilla.com // Submitted by Ben Francis mozilla-iot.org // Mozilla Foundation : https://mozilla.org/ // Submitted by glob bmoattachments.org // MSK-IX : https://www.msk-ix.ru/ // Submitted by Khannanov Roman net.ru org.ru pp.ru // Netlify : https://www.netlify.com // Submitted by Jessica Parsons bitballoon.com netlify.com // Neustar Inc. // Submitted by Trung Tran 4u.com // ngrok : https://ngrok.com/ // Submitted by Alan Shreve ngrok.io // Nimbus Hosting Ltd. : https://www.nimbushosting.co.uk/ // Submitted by Nicholas Ford nh-serv.co.uk // NFSN, Inc. : https://www.NearlyFreeSpeech.NET/ // Submitted by Jeff Wheelhouse nfshost.com // Now-DNS : https://now-dns.com // Submitted by Steve Russell dnsking.ch mypi.co n4t.co 001www.com ddnslive.com myiphost.com forumz.info 16-b.it 32-b.it 64-b.it soundcast.me tcp4.me dnsup.net hicam.net now-dns.net ownip.net vpndns.net dynserv.org now-dns.org x443.pw now-dns.top ntdll.top freeddns.us crafting.xyz zapto.xyz // nsupdate.info : https://www.nsupdate.info/ // Submitted by Thomas Waldmann nsupdate.info nerdpol.ovh // No-IP.com : https://noip.com/ // Submitted by Deven Reza blogsyte.com brasilia.me cable-modem.org ciscofreak.com collegefan.org couchpotatofries.org damnserver.com ddns.me ditchyourip.com dnsfor.me dnsiskinky.com dvrcam.info dynns.com eating-organic.net fantasyleague.cc geekgalaxy.com golffan.us health-carereform.com homesecuritymac.com homesecuritypc.com hopto.me ilovecollege.info loginto.me mlbfan.org mmafan.biz myactivedirectory.com mydissent.net myeffect.net mymediapc.net mypsx.net mysecuritycamera.com mysecuritycamera.net mysecuritycamera.org net-freaks.com nflfan.org nhlfan.net no-ip.ca no-ip.co.uk no-ip.net noip.us onthewifi.com pgafan.net point2this.com pointto.us privatizehealthinsurance.net quicksytes.com read-books.org securitytactics.com serveexchange.com servehumour.com servep2p.com servesarcasm.com stufftoread.com ufcfan.org unusualperson.com workisboring.com 3utilities.com bounceme.net ddns.net ddnsking.com gotdns.ch hopto.org myftp.biz myftp.org myvnc.com no-ip.biz no-ip.info no-ip.org noip.me redirectme.net servebeer.com serveblog.net servecounterstrike.com serveftp.com servegame.com servehalflife.com servehttp.com serveirc.com serveminecraft.net servemp3.com servepics.com servequake.com sytes.net webhop.me zapto.org // NodeArt : https://nodeart.io // Submitted by Konstantin Nosov stage.nodeart.io // Nodum B.V. : https://nodum.io/ // Submitted by Wietse Wind nodum.co nodum.io // Nucleos Inc. : https://nucleos.com // Submitted by Piotr Zduniak pcloud.host // NYC.mn : http://www.information.nyc.mn // Submitted by Matthew Brown nyc.mn // NymNom : https://nymnom.com/ // Submitted by Dave McCormack nom.ae nom.af nom.ai nom.al nym.by nym.bz nom.cl nom.gd nom.ge nom.gl nym.gr nom.gt nym.gy nom.hn nym.ie nom.im nom.ke nym.kz nym.la nym.lc nom.li nym.li nym.lt nym.lu nym.me nom.mk nym.mn nym.mx nom.nu nym.nz nym.pe nym.pt nom.pw nom.qa nym.ro nom.rs nom.si nym.sk nom.st nym.su nym.sx nom.tj nym.tw nom.ug nom.uy nom.vc nom.vg // Octopodal Solutions, LLC. : https://ulterius.io/ // Submitted by Andrew Sampson cya.gg // Omnibond Systems, LLC. : https://www.omnibond.com // Submitted by Cole Estep cloudycluster.net // One Fold Media : http://www.onefoldmedia.com/ // Submitted by Eddie Jones nid.io // OpenCraft GmbH : http://opencraft.com/ // Submitted by Sven Marnach opencraft.hosting // Opera Software, A.S.A. // Submitted by Yngve Pettersen operaunite.com // OutSystems // Submitted by Duarte Santos outsystemscloud.com // OwnProvider GmbH: http://www.ownprovider.com // Submitted by Jan Moennich ownprovider.com own.pm // OX : http://www.ox.rs // Submitted by Adam Grand ox.rs // oy.lc // Submitted 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by Martin Angelov bss.design // Zone.id : https://zone.id/ // Submitted by Su Hendro zone.id // ===END PRIVATE DOMAINS=== END_BUILTIN_DATA 1; Socket/SSL/Utils.pm000064400000051375152530073610010110 0ustar00 package IO::Socket::SSL::Utils; use strict; use warnings; use Carp 'croak'; use Net::SSLeay; # old versions of Exporter do not export 'import' yet require Exporter; *import = \&Exporter::import; our $VERSION = '2.014'; our @EXPORT = qw( PEM_file2cert PEM_string2cert PEM_cert2file PEM_cert2string PEM_file2key PEM_string2key PEM_key2file PEM_key2string KEY_free CERT_free KEY_create_rsa CERT_asHash CERT_create ); sub PEM_file2cert { my $file = shift; my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($file,'r') or croak "cannot read $file: $!"; my $cert = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509($bio); Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio); $cert or croak "cannot parse $file as PEM X509 cert: ". Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()); return $cert; } sub PEM_cert2file { my ($cert,$file) = @_; my $string = Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509($cert) or croak("cannot get string from cert"); open( my $fh,'>',$file ) or croak("cannot write $file: $!"); print $fh $string; } sub PEM_string2cert { my $string = shift; my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new( Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem()); Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($bio,$string); my $cert = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509($bio); Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio); $cert or croak "cannot parse string as PEM X509 cert: ". Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()); return $cert; } sub PEM_cert2string { my $cert = shift; return Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509($cert) || croak("cannot get string from cert"); } sub PEM_file2key { my $file = shift; my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($file,'r') or croak "cannot read $file: $!"; my $key = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey($bio); Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio); $key or croak "cannot parse $file as PEM private key: ". Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()); return $key; } sub PEM_key2file { my ($key,$file) = @_; my $string = Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_PrivateKey($key) or croak("cannot get string from key"); open( my $fh,'>',$file ) or croak("cannot write $file: $!"); print $fh $string; } sub PEM_string2key { my $string = shift; my $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new( Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem()); Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($bio,$string); my $key = Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey($bio); Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio); $key or croak "cannot parse string as PEM private key: ". Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error()); return $key; } sub PEM_key2string { my $key = shift; return Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_PrivateKey($key) || croak("cannot get string from key"); } sub CERT_free { my $cert = shift or return; Net::SSLeay::X509_free($cert); } sub KEY_free { my $key = shift or return; Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_free($key); } sub KEY_create_rsa { my $bits = shift || 2048; my $key = Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_new(); my $rsa = Net::SSLeay::RSA_generate_key($bits, 0x10001); # 0x10001 = RSA_F4 Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA($key,$rsa); return $key; } if (defined &Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_generate_key) { push @EXPORT,'KEY_create_ec'; *KEY_create_ec = sub { my $curve = shift || 'prime256v1'; my $key = Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_new(); my $ec = Net::SSLeay::EC_KEY_generate_key($curve); Net::SSLeay::EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY($key,$ec); return $key; } } # extract information from cert my %gen2i = qw( OTHERNAME 0 EMAIL 1 DNS 2 X400 3 DIRNAME 4 EDIPARTY 5 URI 6 IP 7 RID 8 ); my %i2gen = reverse %gen2i; sub CERT_asHash { my $cert = shift; my $digest_name = shift || 'sha256'; my %hash = ( version => Net::SSLeay::X509_get_version($cert), not_before => _asn1t2t(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notBefore($cert)), not_after => _asn1t2t(Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notAfter($cert)), serial => Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_INTEGER_get_dec( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_serialNumber($cert)), signature_alg => Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt ( Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_signature_alg($cert)), crl_uri => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_crl_distribution_points($cert) ], keyusage => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_key_usage($cert) ], extkeyusage => { oid => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,0) ], nid => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,1) ], sn => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,2) ], ln => [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ext_key_usage($cert,3) ], }, "pubkey_digest_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_pubkey_digest( $cert,_digest($digest_name)), "x509_digest_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_digest( $cert,_digest($digest_name)), "fingerprint_$digest_name" => Net::SSLeay::X509_get_fingerprint( $cert,$digest_name), ); my $subj = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert); my %subj; for ( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_entry_count($subj)-1 ) { my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_entry($subj,$_); my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object($e); $subj{ Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o) } = Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_STRING_get( Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data($e)); } $hash{subject} = \%subj; if ( my @names = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames($cert) ) { my $alt = $hash{subjectAltNames} = []; while (my ($t,$v) = splice(@names,0,2)) { $t = $i2gen{$t} || die "unknown type $t in subjectAltName"; if ( $t eq 'IP' ) { if (length($v) == 4) { $v = join('.',unpack("CCCC",$v)); } elsif ( length($v) == 16 ) { my @v = unpack("nnnnnnnn",$v); my ($best0,$last0); for(my $i=0;$i<@v;$i++) { if ($v[$i] == 0) { if ($last0) { $last0->[1] = $i; $last0->[2]++; $best0 = $last0 if ++$last0->[2]>$best0->[2]; } else { $last0 = [ $i,$i,0 ]; $best0 ||= $last0; } } else { $last0 = undef; } } if ($best0) { $v = ''; $v .= join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v[0..$best0->[0]-1]) if $best0->[0]>0; $v .= '::'; $v .= join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v[$best0->[1]+1..$#v]) if $best0->[1]<$#v; } else { $v = join(':', map { sprintf( "%x",$_) } @v); } } } push @$alt,[$t,$v] } } my $issuer = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($cert); my %issuer; for ( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_entry_count($issuer)-1 ) { my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_entry($issuer,$_); my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_object($e); $issuer{ Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o) } = Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_STRING_get( Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data($e)); } $hash{issuer} = \%issuer; my @ext; for( 0..Net::SSLeay::X509_get_ext_count($cert)-1 ) { my $e = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_ext($cert,$_); my $o = Net::SSLeay::X509_EXTENSION_get_object($e); my $nid = Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2nid($o); push @ext, { oid => Net::SSLeay::OBJ_obj2txt($o), nid => ( $nid > 0 ) ? $nid : undef, sn => ( $nid > 0 ) ? Net::SSLeay::OBJ_nid2sn($nid) : undef, critical => Net::SSLeay::X509_EXTENSION_get_critical($e), data => Net::SSLeay::X509V3_EXT_print($e), } } $hash{ext} = \@ext; if ( defined(&Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ocsp_uri)) { $hash{ocsp_uri} = [ Net::SSLeay::P_X509_get_ocsp_uri($cert) ]; } else { $hash{ocsp_uri} = []; for( @ext ) { $_->{sn} or next; $_->{sn} eq 'authorityInfoAccess' or next; push @{ $hash{ocsp_uri}}, $_->{data} =~m{\bOCSP - URI:(\S+)}g; } } return \%hash; } sub CERT_create { my %args = @_%2 ? %{ shift() } : @_; my $cert = Net::SSLeay::X509_new(); my $digest_name = delete $args{digest} || 'sha256'; Net::SSLeay::ASN1_INTEGER_set( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_serialNumber($cert), delete $args{serial} || rand(2**32), ); # version default to 2 (V3) Net::SSLeay::X509_set_version($cert, delete $args{version} || 2 ); # not_before default to now Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_set( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notBefore($cert), delete $args{not_before} || time() ); # not_after default to now+365 days Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_set( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_notAfter($cert), delete $args{not_after} || time() + 365*86400 ); # set subject my $subj_e = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($cert); my $subj = delete $args{subject} || { organizationName => 'IO::Socket::SSL', commonName => 'IO::Socket::SSL Test' }; while ( my ($k,$v) = each %$subj ) { # Not everything we get is nice - try with MBSTRING_UTF8 first and if it # fails try V_ASN1_T61STRING and finally V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,0x1000,$v,-1,0) or Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,20,$v,-1,0) or Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt($subj_e,$k,4,$v,-1,0) or croak("failed to add entry for $k - ". Net::SSLeay::ERR_error_string(Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error())); } my @ext = ( &Net::SSLeay::NID_subject_key_identifier => 'hash', &Net::SSLeay::NID_authority_key_identifier => 'keyid', ); if ( my $altsubj = delete $args{subjectAltNames} ) { push @ext, &Net::SSLeay::NID_subject_alt_name => join(',', map { "$_->[0]:$_->[1]" } @$altsubj) } my $key = delete $args{key} || KEY_create_rsa(); Net::SSLeay::X509_set_pubkey($cert,$key); my $is = delete $args{issuer}; my $issuer_cert = delete $args{issuer_cert} || $is && $is->[0] || $cert; my $issuer_key = delete $args{issuer_key} || $is && $is->[1] || $key; my %purpose; if (my $p = delete $args{purpose}) { if (!ref($p)) { $purpose{lc($2)} = (!$1 || $1 eq '+') ? 1:0 while $p =~m{([+-]?)(\w+)}g; } elsif (ref($p) eq 'ARRAY') { for(@$p) { m{^([+-]?)(\w+)$} or die "invalid entry in purpose: $_"; $purpose{lc($2)} = (!$1 || $1 eq '+') ? 1:0 } } else { while( my ($k,$v) = each %$p) { $purpose{lc($k)} = ($v && $v ne '-')?1:0; } } } if (delete $args{CA}) { # add defaults for CA %purpose = ( ca => 1, sslca => 1, emailca => 1, objca => 1, %purpose ); } if (!%purpose) { %purpose = (server => 1, client => 1); } my (%key_usage,%ext_key_usage,%cert_type,%basic_constraints); my %dS = ( digitalSignature => \%key_usage ); my %kE = ( keyEncipherment => \%key_usage ); my %CA = ( 'CA:TRUE' => \%basic_constraints, %dS, keyCertSign => \%key_usage ); my @disable; for( [ client => { %dS, %kE, clientAuth => \%ext_key_usage, client => \%cert_type } ], [ server => { %dS, %kE, serverAuth => \%ext_key_usage, server => \%cert_type } ], [ email => { %dS, %kE, emailProtection => \%ext_key_usage, email => \%cert_type } ], [ objsign => { %dS, %kE, codeSigning => \%ext_key_usage, objsign => \%cert_type } ], [ CA => { %CA }], [ sslCA => { %CA, sslCA => \%cert_type }], [ emailCA => { %CA, emailCA => \%cert_type }], [ objCA => { %CA, objCA => \%cert_type }], [ emailProtection => { %dS, %kE, emailProtection => \%ext_key_usage, email => \%cert_type } ], [ codeSigning => { %dS, %kE, codeSigning => \%ext_key_usage, objsign => \%cert_type } ], [ timeStamping => { timeStamping => \%ext_key_usage } ], [ digitalSignature => { digitalSignature => \%key_usage } ], [ nonRepudiation => { nonRepudiation => \%key_usage } ], [ keyEncipherment => { keyEncipherment => \%key_usage } ], [ dataEncipherment => { dataEncipherment => \%key_usage } ], [ keyAgreement => { keyAgreement => \%key_usage } ], [ keyCertSign => { keyCertSign => \%key_usage } ], [ cRLSign => { cRLSign => \%key_usage } ], [ encipherOnly => { encipherOnly => \%key_usage } ], [ decipherOnly => { decipherOnly => \%key_usage } ], [ clientAuth => { clientAuth => \%ext_key_usage } ], [ serverAuth => { serverAuth => \%ext_key_usage } ], ) { exists $purpose{lc($_->[0])} or next; if (delete $purpose{lc($_->[0])}) { while (my($k,$h) = each %{$_->[1]}) { $h->{$k} = 1; } } else { push @disable, $_->[1]; } } die "unknown purpose ".join(",",keys %purpose) if %purpose; for(@disable) { while (my($k,$h) = each %$_) { delete $h->{$k}; } } if (%basic_constraints) { push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_basic_constraints, => join(",",'critical', sort keys %basic_constraints); } else { push @ext, &Net::SSLeay::NID_basic_constraints => 'critical,CA:FALSE'; } push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_key_usage => join(",",'critical', sort keys %key_usage) if %key_usage; push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_netscape_cert_type => join(",",sort keys %cert_type) if %cert_type; push @ext,&Net::SSLeay::NID_ext_key_usage => join(",",sort keys %ext_key_usage) if %ext_key_usage; Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert, $issuer_cert, @ext); my %have_ext; for(my $i=0;$i<@ext;$i+=2) { $have_ext{ $ext[$i] }++ } for my $ext (@{ $args{ext} || [] }) { my $nid = $ext->{nid} || $ext->{sn} && Net::SSLeay::OBJ_sn2nid($ext->{sn}) || croak "cannot determine NID of extension"; $have_ext{$nid} and next; my $val = $ext->{data}; if ($nid == 177) { # authorityInfoAccess: # OpenSSL i2v does not output the same way as expected by i2v :( for (split(/\n/,$val)) { s{ - }{;}; # "OCSP - URI:..." -> "OCSP;URI:..." $_ = "critical,$_" if $ext->{critical}; Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert,$issuer_cert,$nid,$_); } } else { $val = "critical,$val" if $ext->{critical}; Net::SSLeay::P_X509_add_extensions($cert, $issuer_cert, $nid, $val); } } Net::SSLeay::X509_set_issuer_name($cert, Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($issuer_cert)); Net::SSLeay::X509_sign($cert,$issuer_key,_digest($digest_name)); return ($cert,$key); } if ( defined &Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_timet ) { *_asn1t2t = \&Net::SSLeay::ASN1_TIME_timet } else { require Time::Local; my %mon2i = qw( Jan 0 Feb 1 Mar 2 Apr 3 May 4 Jun 5 Jul 6 Aug 7 Sep 8 Oct 9 Nov 10 Dec 11 ); *_asn1t2t = sub { my $t = Net::SSLeay::P_ASN1_TIME_put2string( shift ); my ($mon,$d,$h,$m,$s,$y,$tz) = split(/[\s:]+/,$t); defined( $mon = $mon2i{$mon} ) or die "invalid month in $t"; $tz ||= $y =~s{^(\d+)([A-Z]\S*)}{$1} && $2; if ( ! $tz ) { return Time::Local::timelocal($s,$m,$h,$d,$mon,$y) } elsif ( $tz eq 'GMT' ) { return Time::Local::timegm($s,$m,$h,$d,$mon,$y) } else { die "unexpected TZ $tz from ASN1_TIME_print"; } } } { my %digest; sub _digest { my $digest_name = shift; return $digest{$digest_name} ||= do { Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); Net::SSLeay::EVP_get_digestbyname($digest_name) or die "Digest algorithm $digest_name is not available"; }; } } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME IO::Socket::SSL::Utils -- loading, storing, creating certificates and keys =head1 SYNOPSIS use IO::Socket::SSL::Utils; my $cert = PEM_file2cert('cert.pem'); # load certificate from file my $string = PEM_cert2string($cert); # convert certificate to PEM string CERT_free($cert); # free memory within OpenSSL my $key = KEY_create_rsa(2048); # create new 2048-bit RSA key PEM_string2file($key,"key.pem"); # and write it to file KEY_free($key); # free memory within OpenSSL =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provides various utility functions to work with certificates and private keys, shielding some of the complexity of the underlying Net::SSLeay and OpenSSL. =head1 FUNCTIONS =over 4 =item * Functions converting between string or file and certificates and keys. They croak if the operation cannot be completed. =over 8 =item PEM_file2cert(file) -> cert =item PEM_cert2file(cert,file) =item PEM_string2cert(string) -> cert =item PEM_cert2string(cert) -> string =item PEM_file2key(file) -> key =item PEM_key2file(key,file) =item PEM_string2key(string) -> key =item PEM_key2string(key) -> string =back =item * Functions for cleaning up. Each loaded or created cert and key must be freed to not leak memory. =over 8 =item CERT_free(cert) =item KEY_free(key) =back =item * KEY_create_rsa(bits) -> key Creates an RSA key pair, bits defaults to 2048. =item * KEY_create_ec(curve) -> key Creates an EC key, curve defaults to C. =item * CERT_asHash(cert,[digest_algo]) -> hash Extracts the information from the certificate into a hash and uses the given digest_algo (default: SHA-256) to determine digest of pubkey and cert. The resulting hash contains: =over 8 =item subject Hash with the parts of the subject, e.g. commonName, countryName, organizationName, stateOrProvinceName, localityName. =item subjectAltNames Array with list of alternative names. Each entry in the list is of C<[type,value]>, where C can be OTHERNAME, EMAIL, DNS, X400, DIRNAME, EDIPARTY, URI, IP or RID. =item issuer Hash with the parts of the issuer, e.g. commonName, countryName, organizationName, stateOrProvinceName, localityName. =item not_before, not_after The time frame, where the certificate is valid, as time_t, e.g. can be converted with localtime or similar functions. =item serial The serial number =item crl_uri List of URIs for CRL distribution. =item ocsp_uri List of URIs for revocation checking using OCSP. =item keyusage List of keyUsage information in the certificate. =item extkeyusage List of extended key usage information from the certificate. Each entry in this list consists of a hash with oid, nid, ln and sn. =item pubkey_digest_xxx Binary digest of the pubkey using the given digest algorithm, e.g. pubkey_digest_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used. =item x509_digest_xxx Binary digest of the X.509 certificate using the given digest algorithm, e.g. x509_digest_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used. =item fingerprint_xxx Fingerprint of the certificate using the given digest algorithm, e.g. fingerprint_sha256 if (the default) SHA-256 was used. Contrary to digest_* this is an ASCII string with a list if hexadecimal numbers, e.g. "73:59:75:5C:6D...". =item signature_alg Algorithm used to sign certificate, e.g. C. =item ext List of extensions. Each entry in the list is a hash with oid, nid, sn, critical flag (boolean) and data (string representation given by X509V3_EXT_print). =item version Certificate version, usually 2 (x509v3) =back =item * CERT_create(hash) -> (cert,key) Creates a certificate based on the given hash. If the issuer is not specified the certificate will be self-signed. The following keys can be given: =over 8 =item subject Hash with the parts of the subject, e.g. commonName, countryName, ... as described in C. Default points to IO::Socket::SSL. =item not_before A time_t value when the certificate starts to be valid. Defaults to current time. =item not_after A time_t value when the certificate ends to be valid. Defaults to current time plus one 365 days. =item serial The serial number. If not given a random number will be used. =item version The version of the certificate, default 2 (x509v3). =item CA true|false If true declare certificate as CA, defaults to false. =item purpose string|array|hash Set the purpose of the certificate. The different purposes can be given as a string separated by non-word character, as array or hash. With string or array each purpose can be prefixed with '+' (enable) or '-' (disable) and same can be done with the value when given as a hash. By default enabling the purpose is assumed. If the CA option is given and true the defaults "ca,sslca,emailca,objca" are assumed, but can be overridden with explicit purpose. If the CA option is given and false the defaults "server,client" are assumed. If no CA option and no purpose is given it defaults to "server,client". Purpose affects basicConstraints, keyUsage, extKeyUsage and netscapeCertType. The following purposes are defined (case is not important): client server email objsign CA sslCA emailCA objCA emailProtection codeSigning timeStamping digitalSignature nonRepudiation keyEncipherment dataEncipherment keyAgreement keyCertSign cRLSign encipherOnly decipherOnly Examples: # root-CA for SSL certificates purpose => 'sslCA' # or CA => 1 # server certificate and CA (typically self-signed) purpose => 'sslCA,server' # client certificate purpose => 'client', =item ext [{ sn => .., data => ... }, ... ] List of extensions. The type of the extension can be specified as name with C or as NID with C and the data with C. These data must be in the same syntax as expected within openssl.cnf, e.g. something like C. Additionally the critical flag can be set with C 1>. =item key key use given key as key for certificate, otherwise a new one will be generated and returned =item issuer_cert cert set issuer for new certificate =item issuer_key key sign new certificate with given key =item issuer [ cert, key ] Instead of giving issuer_key and issuer_cert as separate arguments they can be given both together. =item digest algorithm specify the algorithm used to sign the certificate, default SHA-256. =back =back =head1 AUTHOR Steffen Ullrich HTML.pm000064400000042555152530073610005663 0ustar00#--------------------------------------------------------------------- package IO::HTML; # # Copyright 2014 Christopher J. Madsen # # Author: Christopher J. Madsen # Created: 14 Jan 2012 # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the same terms as Perl itself. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See either the # GNU General Public License or the Artistic License for more details. # # ABSTRACT: Open an HTML file with automatic charset detection #--------------------------------------------------------------------- use 5.008; use strict; use warnings; use Carp 'croak'; use Encode 2.10 qw(decode find_encoding); # need utf-8-strict encoding use Exporter 5.57 'import'; our $VERSION = '1.001'; # This file is part of IO-HTML 1.001 (June 28, 2014) our $default_encoding ||= 'cp1252'; our @EXPORT = qw(html_file); our @EXPORT_OK = qw(find_charset_in html_file_and_encoding html_outfile sniff_encoding); our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( rw => [qw( html_file html_file_and_encoding html_outfile )], all => [ @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK ], ); #===================================================================== sub html_file { (&html_file_and_encoding)[0]; # return just the filehandle } # end html_file # Note: I made html_file and html_file_and_encoding separate functions # (instead of making html_file context-sensitive) because I wanted to # use html_file in function calls (i.e. list context) without having # to write "scalar html_file" all the time. sub html_file_and_encoding { my ($filename, $options) = @_; $options ||= {}; open(my $in, '<:raw', $filename) or croak "Failed to open $filename: $!"; my ($encoding, $bom) = sniff_encoding($in, $filename, $options); if (not defined $encoding) { croak "No default encoding specified" unless defined($encoding = $default_encoding); $encoding = find_encoding($encoding) if $options->{encoding}; } # end if we didn't find an encoding binmode $in, sprintf(":encoding(%s):crlf", $options->{encoding} ? $encoding->name : $encoding); return ($in, $encoding, $bom); } # end html_file_and_encoding #--------------------------------------------------------------------- sub html_outfile { my ($filename, $encoding, $bom) = @_; if (not defined $encoding) { croak "No default encoding specified" unless defined($encoding = $default_encoding); } # end if we didn't find an encoding elsif (ref $encoding) { $encoding = $encoding->name; } open(my $out, ">:encoding($encoding)", $filename) or croak "Failed to open $filename: $!"; print $out "\x{FeFF}" if $bom; return $out; } # end html_outfile #--------------------------------------------------------------------- sub sniff_encoding { my ($in, $filename, $options) = @_; $filename = 'file' unless defined $filename; $options ||= {}; my $pos = tell $in; croak "Could not seek $filename: $!" if $pos < 0; croak "Could not read $filename: $!" unless defined read $in, my $buf, 1024; seek $in, $pos, 0 or croak "Could not seek $filename: $!"; # Check for BOM: my $bom; my $encoding = do { if ($buf =~ /^\xFe\xFF/) { $bom = 2; 'UTF-16BE'; } elsif ($buf =~ /^\xFF\xFe/) { $bom = 2; 'UTF-16LE'; } elsif ($buf =~ /^\xEF\xBB\xBF/) { $bom = 3; 'utf-8-strict'; } else { find_charset_in($buf, $options); # check for } }; # end $encoding if ($bom) { seek $in, $bom, 1 or croak "Could not seek $filename: $!"; $bom = 1; } elsif (not defined $encoding) { # try decoding as UTF-8 my $test = decode('utf-8-strict', $buf, Encode::FB_QUIET); if ($buf =~ /^(?: # nothing left over | [\xC2-\xDF] # incomplete 2-byte char | [\xE0-\xEF] [\x80-\xBF]? # incomplete 3-byte char | [\xF0-\xF4] [\x80-\xBF]{0,2} # incomplete 4-byte char )\z/x and $test =~ /[^\x00-\x7F]/) { $encoding = 'utf-8-strict'; } # end if valid UTF-8 with at least one multi-byte character: } # end if testing for UTF-8 if (defined $encoding and $options->{encoding} and not ref $encoding) { $encoding = find_encoding($encoding); } # end if $encoding is a string and we want an object return wantarray ? ($encoding, $bom) : $encoding; } # end sniff_encoding #===================================================================== # Based on HTML5 8.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding: # Get attribute from current position of $_ sub _get_attribute { m!\G[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D /]+!gc; # skip whitespace or / return if /\G>/gc or not /\G(=?[^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D =]*)/gc; my ($name, $value) = (lc $1, ''); if (/\G[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*=[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*/gc and (/\G"([^"]*)"?/gc or /\G'([^']*)'?/gc or /\G([^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D >]*)/gc)) { $value = lc $1; } # end if attribute has value return wantarray ? ($name, $value) : 1; } # end _get_attribute # Examine a meta value for a charset: sub _get_charset_from_meta { for (shift) { while (/charset[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*=[\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ]*/ig) { return $1 if (/\G"([^"]*)"/gc or /\G'([^']*)'/gc or /\G(?!['"])([^\x09\x0A\x0C\x0D ;]+)/gc); } } # end for value return undef; } # end _get_charset_from_meta #--------------------------------------------------------------------- sub find_charset_in { for (shift) { my $options = shift || {}; my $stop = length > 1024 ? 1024 : length; # search first 1024 bytes my $expect_pragma = (defined $options->{need_pragma} ? $options->{need_pragma} : 1); pos() = 0; while (pos() < $stop) { if (/\G