�ɲɾ�����ӯ�����һ��ˣ��������С���˴��ͣ�������P���ҹ��ñ˽��ά�Բ��������˸߸ԣ�������ơ��ҹ��ñ�����ά�Բ���ˡ���˳^�ӣ������ӡ� ���ͯj�ӣ��ƺ���ӣ� ? PNG ?%k25u25%fgd5n!? PNG ?%k25u25%fgd5n!? PNG ?%k25u25%fgd5n!? PNG ?%k25u25%fgd5n!PKs1]|wfKKCOPYINGnu[ GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users. 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You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. 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If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program. Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. Copyright (C) This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Copyright (C) This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see . The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read . PKV@2]r" AATHANKSnu[These people have contributed to the GNU coreutils (formerly, the fileutils, textutils, and/or sh-utils packages). Some have reported problems, others have contributed improvements to the documentation, actual code, and even complete programs. Those contributions are described in the version control logs and ChangeLog files. If your name has been left out, if you'd rather not be listed, or if you'd prefer a different address be used, please send a note to the GNU coreutils mailing list . ??? kytek@cybercomm.net A Costa agcosta@gis.net Aaron Burgemeister dajoker@gmail.com Aaron Davies aaron.davies@gmail.com Aaron Hawley ashawley@uvm.edu Achim Blumensath blume@corona.oche.de Adam Borowski kilobyte@angband.pl Adam Jimerson vendion@charter.net Adam Klein aklein@debian.org Adam Sampson ats@offog.org Adrian Bunk bunk@stusta.de AIDA Shinra shinra@j10n.org Akim Demaille demaille@inf.enst.fr Alain Magloire alain@qnx.com Alan Curry pacman-cu@kosh.dhis.org Alan Iwi iwi@atm.ox.ac.uk Alan Jenkins alan-jenkins@tuffmail.co.uk Alban Bedel alban.bedel@avionic-design.de Albert Chin-A-Young china@thewrittenword.com Albert Hopkins ahopkins@dynacare.com Alberto Accomazzi alberto@cfa0.harvard.edu aldomel aldomel@ix.netcom.com Aleksej Serdjukov deletesoftware@yandex.ru Aleksej Shilin rootlexx@mail.ru Alen Muzinic zveki@fly.cc.fer.hr Alex Deymo deymo@chromium.org Alexander Nguyen vinh@seas.ucla.edu Alexander V. Lukyanov lav@netis.ru Alexandre Duret-Lutz duret_g@epita.fr Alexey Solovyov alekso@math.uu.se Alexey Vyskubov alexey@pippuri.mawhrin.net Alfred M. Szmidt ams@kemisten.nu Allen Hewes allen@decisiv.net Ambrose Feinstein ambrose@google.com Amr Ali amr.ali.cc@gmail.com Anders Jonsson anders.jonsson@norsjovallen.se Anders Kaseorg andersk@mit.edu Andi Kleen freitag@alancoxonachip.com Andre Novaes Cunha Andre.Cunha@br.global-one.net Andreas Dilger adilger@sun.com Andreas Frische andreasfrische@gmail.com Andreas Gruenbacher andreas.gruenbacher@gmail.com Andreas Jaeger jaeger@gnu.org Andreas Luik luik@isa.de Andreas Mohr andi@lisas.de Andreas Schwab schwab@linux-m68k.org Andreas Stolcke stolcke@ICSI.Berkeley.EDU Andrei Gaponenko andr@triumf.ca Andres Soolo andres@soolo.matti.ee Andrew Burgess aab@cichlid.com Andrew Church achurch@achurch.org Andrew Dalke dalke@bioreason.com Andrew D Warshall warshall@99main.com Andrew Fabbro andrew@fabbro.org Andrew Pham andpha@us.ibm.com Andrew Tridgell tridge@samba.org Andrey Borzenkov arvidjaar@mail.ru Andries Brouwer Andries.Brouwer@cwi.nl Andy Longton alongton@metamark.com Ángel González keisial@gmail.com Anoop Sharma sendtoanoop@gmail.com Anthony Thyssen anthony@griffith.edu.au Anton Ovchinnikov revolver112@gmail.com Antonio Ospite ao2@ao2.it Antonio Rendas ajrendas@yahoo.com Ariel Faigon ariel@cthulhu.engr.sgi.com Arjan Opmeer arjan.opmeer@gmail.com Arkadiusz Miśkiewicz arekm@maven.pl Arne Henrik Juul arnej@imf.unit.no Arnold Robbins arnold@skeeve.com Arthur Pool pool@commerce.uq.edu.au Arun Sharma arun.sharma@intel.com Arvind Autar Autar022@planet.nl Assaf Gordon assafgordon@gmail.com Augey Mikus mikus@dqc.org Aurelien Jarno aurel32@debian.org Austin Donnelly Austin.Donnelly@cl.cam.ac.uk Axel Dörfler axeld@pinc-software.de Axel Kittenberger Anshil@gmx.net Barry Kelly http://blog.barrkel.com/ Bauke Jan Douma bjdouma@xs4all.nl Ben Elliston bje@air.net.au Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org Ben Walton bdwalton@gmail.com Bengt Martensson bengt@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Benjamin Cutler cutlerbc@simla.colostate.edu Benno Schulenberg bensberg@justemail.net Benoît Knecht benoit.knecht@fsfe.org Bernard Giroud bernard.giroud@creditlyonnais.ch Bernd Eckenfels ecki@debian.org Bernd Leibing bernd.leibing@rz.uni-ulm.de Bernd Melchers melchers@cis.fu-berlin.de Bernhard Baehr bernhard.baehr@gmx.de Bernhard Gabler bernhard@uni-koblenz.de Bernhard Marx berny@bernhard-marx.de Bernhard Rosenkraenzer bero@redhat.de Bernhard Voelker mail@bernhard-voelker.de Bert Deknuydt Bert.Deknuydt@esat.kuleuven.ac.be Bert Wesarg bert.wesarg@googlemail.com Bill Brelsford wb@k2di.net Bill Peters peters@gaffel.as.arizona.edu Bishop Bettini bishop.bettini@gmail.com Bjarni Ingi Gislason bjarniig@rhi.hi.is Bjorn Helgaas helgaas@rsn.hp.com Bo Borgerson gigabo@gmail.com Bo Rydberg bolry@hotmail.com Bob McCracken kerouac@ravenet.com Bob Proulx bob@proulx.com Bogdan Drozdowski bogdandr@op.pl Boris Ranto branto@redhat.com Branden Robinson branden@necrotic.deadbeast.net Brendan O'Dea bod@compusol.com.au Brent Petit brent.petit@hpe.com Brian Foster bfoster@redhat.com Brian Kimball bfk@footbag.org Brian M. Carlson sandals@crustytoothpaste.ath.cx Brian Silverman bsilverman@conceptxdesign.com Brian Youmans 3diff@gnu.org Britton Leo Kerin fsblk@aurora.uaf.edu Bruce Korb bkorb@gnu.org Bruce Robertson brucer@theodolite.dyndns.org Bruno Haible bruno@clisp.org Brynnen Owen owen@illinois.edu C de-Avillez hggdh2@gmail.com Carl Johnson carlj@cjlinux.home.org Carl Lowenstein cdl@mpl.UCSD.EDU Carl Roth roth@urs.us Carlos Canau Carlos.Canau@relay.puug.pt Carlos Santos casantos@datacom.com.br Charles Karney karney@pppl.gov Charles Randall crandall@matchlogic.com Chas. Owens chas.owens@gmail.com Chen Guo chen.guo.0625@gmail.com Chengwei Yang chengwei.yang@intel.com Chip Salzenberg chip@valinux.com Choi Jongu zoopi01@gmail.com Chris Clayton chris2553@googlemail.com Chris Davies chris@roaima.co.uk Chris Faylor cgf@cygnus.com Chris J. Bednar cjb@AdvancedDataSolutions.com Chris Jones cjns1989@gmail.com Chris Lesniewski ctl@mit.edu Chris Sylvain csylvain@umm.edu Chris Yeo cyeo@biking.org Christi Alice Scarborough christi@chiark.greenend.org.uk Christian Harkort christian.harkort@web.de Christian Jullien eligis@orange.fr Christian Krackowizer ckrackowiz@std.schuler-ag.com Christian Rose menthos@menthos.com Christian von Roques roques@pond.sub.org Christoph Anton Mitterer calestyo@scientia.net Christophe LYON christophe.lyon@st.com Chuck Hedrick hedrick@klinzhai.rutgers.edu Chusslove Illich caslav.ilic@gmx.net Clark Morgan cmorgan@aracnet.com Clement Wang clem.wang@overture.com Cliff Miller cbm@whatexit.org Cojocaru Alexandru xojoc@gmx.com Colin Leitner colin.leitner@googlemail.com Colin Plumb colin@nyx.net Colin Watson cjwatson@debian.org Collin Rogowski collin@rogowski.de Cray-Cyber Project http://www.cray-cyber.org Cristian Cadar cristic@stanford.edu Cyril Bouthors cyril@bouthors.org D. Hugh Redelmeier hugh@mimosa.com Daiki Ueno ueno@gnu.org Dale Scheetz dwarf@polaris.net Dameon G. Rogers dgr03@uark.edu Dan Hagerty hag@gnu.ai.it.edu Dan Hipschman dsh@linux.ucla.edu Dan Jacobson jidanni@jidanni.org Dan Pascu dan@services.iiruc.ro Daniel Bergstrom noa@melody.se Daniel Dunbar daniel@zuster.org Daniel J Walsh dwalsh@redhat.com Daniel Lockyer thisisdaniellockyer@gmail.com Daniel Mach dmach@redhat.com Daniel P. Berrangé berrange@redhat.com Daniel Schepler dschepler@gmail.com Daniel Stavrovski d@stavrovski.net Daniel Tschinder daniel.tschinder@project-a.com Dániel Varga danielv@axelero.hu Danny Levinson danny.levinson@overture.com Dario Giovannetti dariogiova@gmail.com Darrel Francis d.francis@cheerful.com Darren Salt ds@youmustbejoking.demon.co.uk Dave Beckett dajobe@dajobe.org Dave Chiluk chiluk@canonical.com David Alan Gilbert gilbertd@treblig.org David A. Wheeler dwheeler@dwheeler.com David Bartley dtbartle@csclub.uwaterloo.ca David Diggles david.diggles@dnrm.qld.gov.au David Dyck dcd@tc.fluke.COM David Eisner cradle@umd.edu David Flynn dav@chess.plus.com David Gast dgast@csulb.edu David Godfrey dave@delta.demon.co.uk David Luyer david_luyer@pacific.net.au David Madore david.madore@ens.fr David Malone dwmalone@cnri.dit.ie David Matei matei@cs.toronto.edu David Michael fedora.dm0@gmail.com David Sterba dsterba@suse.cz Davide Canova kc.canova@gmail.com Dawson Engler engler@stanford.edu Dean Gaudet dean-savannah@arctic.org Deepak Goel deego@gnufans.org Denis Excoffier gcc@Denis-Excoffier.org Denis McKeon dmckeon@swcp.com Dennis Clarke dclarke@blastwave.org Dennis Henriksen opus@flamingo.osrl.dk Dennis Smit ds@nerds-incorporated.org Derek Clegg dclegg@next.com Dick Streefland dick_streefland@tasking.com Dirk Lattermann dlatt@t-online.de Dirk-Jan Faber djfaber@snow.nl Dmitry Monakhov dmonakhov@openvz.org Dmitry Rutsky rutsky@school.ioffe.rssi.ru Dmitry V. Levin ldv@altlinux.org Don Parsons dparsons@synapse.kent.edu Donni Erpel donald@appc11.gsi.de Doug Coleman coleman@iarc1.ece.utexas.edu Doug McLaren dougmc@comco.com Dragos Harabor dharabor@us.oracle.com Duncan Roe duncanr@optimation.com.au Dylan Cali calid1984@gmail.com Dylan Simon dylan@dylex.net Ed Avis ed@membled.com Ed Santiago ed@edsantiago.com Edgars Irmejs edgars.irmejs@gmail.com Edward Schwartz edmcman@cmu.edu Edward Welbourne eddy@chaos.org.uk Edzer Pebesma Edzer.Pebesma@rivm.nl Egmont Koblinger egmont@uhulinux.hu Eirik Fuller eirik@hackrat.com Eivind eivindt@multinet.no Elbert Pol elbert.pol@gmail.com Eldon Stegall eldon@eldondev.com Eli Zaretskii eliz@is.elta.co.il Elias Pipping pipping@gentoo.org Emile LeBlanc leblanc@math.toronto.edu Emmanuel Lacour elacour@home-dn.net Enrico Scholz enrico.scholz@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de Eric Backus ericb@lsid.hp.com Eric Bergen eric.bergen@gmail.com Eric Blake eblake@redhat.com Eric G. Miller egm2@jps.net Eric Pemente pemente@northpark.edu Eric S. Raymond esr@snark.thyrsus.com Erik Auerswald auerswal@unix-ag.uni-kl.de Erik Bennett bennett@cvo.oneworld.com Erik Bernstein erik@fscking.org Erik Corry erik@kroete2.freinet.de Evan Hunt ethanol@armory.com Federico Simoncelli fsimonce@redhat.com Felix Lee flee@teleport.com Felix Rauch Valenti frauch@cse.unsw.edu.au Ferdinand fw@scenic.mine.nu Filipus Klutiero chealer@gmail.com Fletcher Mattox fletcher@cs.utexas.edu Florent Bayle florent@sarcelle.net Florian Schlichting fschlich@cis.fu-berlin.de Florin Iucha fiucha@hsys.mic.ro Francesco Montorsi fr_m@hotmail.com François Pinard pinard@iro.umontreal.ca François Rigault rigault.francois@gmail.com Frank Adler fadler@allesklar.de Frank T Lofaro ftlofaro@snooks.Egr.UNLV.EDU Fred Fish fnf@ninemoons.com Frédéric L. W. Meunier 0@pervalidus.net Frederik Eaton frederik@caltech.edu Fridolin Pokorny fpokorny@redhat.com FUJIWARA Katsunori foozy@lares.dti.ne.jp Gabor Z. Papp gzp@gzp.org.hu Gaël Quéri gqueri@mail.dotcom.fr Galen Hazelwood galenh@micron.net Gary Anderson ganderson@clark.net Gary Johnson garyjohn@spk.agilent.com Gary V. Vaughan gary@gnu.org Gaute Hvoslef Kvalnes gaute@verdsveven.com Geoff Collyer geoff at collyer.net Geoff Kuenning geoff@cs.hmc.edu Geoff Odhner geoff@franklin.com Geoff Whale geoffw@cse.unsw.EDU.AU George Burgess IV gbiv@chromium.org Gerald Pfeifer gerald@pfeifer.com Gerhard Poul gpoul@gnu.org Germano Leichsenring germano@jedi.cs.kobe-u.ac.jp Gian Piero Carrubba gpiero@rm-rf.it Gilles Espinasse g.esp@free.fr Giuseppe Scrivano gscrivano@gnu.org Glen Lenker glen.lenker@gmail.com Göran Uddeborg goeran@uddeborg.se GOTO Masanori gotom@debian.or.jp G.P. Halkes buscom@ghalkes.nl Greg Louis glouis@dynamicro.on.ca Greg McGary gkm@gnu.org Greg Metcalfe metcalfegreg@qwest.net Greg Schafer gschafer@zip.com.au Greg Troxel gdt@bbn.com Greg Wooledge gawooledge@sherwin.com Gregory Leblanc gleblanc@cu-portland.edu Guenter Knauf lists@gknw.net Guido Leenders guido.leenders@invantive.com Guilherme de Almeida Suckevicz guito.linux@gmail.com Guntram Blohm Extern.Guntram.Blohm@AUDI.DE Guochun Shi gshi@ncsa.uiuc.edu H. J. Lu hjl@valinux.com Hans Ginzel hans@matfyz.cz Hans Lermen lermen@fgan.de Hans Verkuil hans@wyst.hobby.nl Harald Dunkel harald.dunkel@t-online.de Harald Hoyer harald@redhat.com Harry Liu rliu@lek.ugcs.caltech.edu Harti Brandt brandt@fokus.fraunhofer.de Harvey Eneman Harvey.Eneman@oracle.com Heikki Orsila heikki.orsila@iki.fi Heiko Marr h.marr@webmasters.de Helen Faulkner helen_ml_faulkner@yahoo.co.uk Herbert Xu herbert@gondor.apana.org.au Holger Berger hberger@ess.nec.de Hon-Yin Kok hkok@yoda.unl.edu Hugh Daniel hugh@xanadu.com Iain Calder ic56@rogers.com Ian Bruce ian.bruce@myrealbox.com Ian Jackson ijackson@chiark.greenend.org.uk Ian Kent ikent@redhat.com Ian Lance Taylor ian@cygnus.com Ian Turner vectro@pipeline.com Iida Yosiaki iida@gnu.org Illia Bobyr ibobyr@google.com Ilya N. Golubev gin@mo.msk.ru Ingo Saitz ingo@debian.org Ingo Weinhold ingo_weinhold@gmx.de Ivan Labath labath3@st.fmph.uniba.sk Ivan Sichmann Freitas ivansichfreitas@gmail.com Ivo Timmermans ivo@debian.org J. Scott Edwards qrw.software@gmail.com Jaak Ristioja jaak.ristioja@cyber.ee Jack Howarth howarth.mailing.lists@gmail.com Jacky Fong jacky.fong@utoronto.ca Jacob Keller jacob.e.keller@intel.com Jakob Truelsen jakob@scalgo.com James Antill jmanti%essex.ac.uk@seralph21.essex.ac.uk James Hunt jamesodhunt@hotmail.com James james@albion.glarp.com James Lemley James.Lemley@acxiom.com James Ralston ralston@pobox.com James R. Van Zandt jrv@debian.org James Sneeringer jvs@ocslink.com James Tanis jtt@soscorp.com James Youngman jay@gnu.org Jamie Lokier jamie@imbolc.ucc.ie Jamie McClelland jm@mayfirst.org Jan Blunck jblunck@suse.de Jan Engelhardt jengelh@medozas.de Jan Fedak J.Fedak@sh.cvut.cz Jan Moringen jan.moringen@uni-bielefeld.de Jan Nieuwenhuizen janneke@gnu.org Janne Snabb snabb@epipe.com Janos Farkas chexum@shadow.banki.hu Jan-Pawel Wrozstinski jpwroz@gmail.com Jari Aalto jari.aalto@cante.net Jarkko Hietaniemi jhi@epsilon.hut.fi Jarkko Sakkinen jarkko.sakkinen@iki.fi Jarod Wilson jwilson@redhat.com Jarosław Gruca jgruca1981@gmail.com Jason Smith jasonmsmith@google.com Javier López chilicuil@ubuntu.com Jean Charles Delepine delepine@u-picardie.fr Jean Delvare jdelvare@suse.de Jean-Pierre Tosoni jpt.7196@gmail.com Jeff Liu jeff.liu@oracle.com Jeff Moore jbm@mordor.com Jeff Sheinberg jeff@bsrd.net Jens Elkner elkner@imsgroup.de Jens Schmidt jms@jsds.hamburg.com Jeph Cowan jeph@ucar.edu Jeremy Maitin-Shepard jbms@cmu.edu Jérémy Compostella jeremy.compostella@gmail.com Jérémy Magrin jeremy.magrin@epitech.eu Jerome Abela abela@hsc.fr Jérôme Zago bug-coreutils-ml@agt-the-walker.net Jerry Snitselaar dev@snitselaar.org Jesse Kornblum kornblum@usna.edu Jesse Thilo jgt2@eecs.lehigh.edu Jie Xu xuj@iag.net Jim Blandy jimb@cyclic.com Jim Dennis jimd@starshine.org Jim Meyering jim@meyering.net Jirka Hladky jhladky@redhat.com Joachim Schmitz jojo@schmitz-digital.de Joakim Rosqvist dvljrt@cs.umu.se Jochen Hein jochen@jochen.org Joe Orton joe@manyfish.co.uk Joel E. Denny jdenny@clemson.edu Joerg Sonnenberger joerg@britannica.bec.de Joey Degges jdegges@gmail.com Joey Hess joeyh@debian.org Johan Boule bohan@bohan.dyndns.org Johan Danielsson joda@pdc.kth.se John Bley jbb6@acpub.duke.edu John da_audiophile@yahoo.com John David Anglin dave.anglin@nrc.ca John Gatewood Ham zappaman@alphabox.compsci.buu.ac.th John Gotts jgotts@umich.edu John Kendall kendall@capps.com John Kodis kodis@acm.org John Murphy jam@philabs.research.philips.com John Roll john@panic.harvard.edu John Salmon johns@mullet.anu.edu.au John Stanley johnstops@verizon.net John Summerfield summer@OS2.ami.com.au Jon Peatfield J.S.Peatfield@damtp.cam.ac.uk Jon Ringuette jonr@scharp.org Joost van Baal joostvb@xs4all.nl Jordi Pujol jordipujolp@gmail.com Jorge Stolfi stolfi@ic.unicamp.br Josef Cejka jcejka@suse.com Joseph D. Wagner joe@josephdwagner.info Joseph S. Myers jsm28@cam.ac.uk Josh Triplett josh@freedesktop.org Joshua Hudson joshudson@gmail.com Josselin Mouette joss@debian.org Juan F. Codagnone juam@arnet.com.ar Juan M. Guerrero st001906@hrz1.hrz.tu-darmstadt.de Julian Bradfield jcb@inf.ed.ac.uk Julian Büning julian.buening@rwth-aachen.de Jungshik Shin jshin@pantheon.yale.edu Juraj Marko jmarko@redhat.com Jürgen Fluk louis@dachau.marco.de Jurriaan thunder7@xs4all.nl Justin Pryzby justinpryzby@users.sourceforge.net jvogel jvogel@linkny.com Kai Henningsen kai@debian.org Kai-Uwe Rommel rommel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Kalle Olavi Niemitalo kon@iki.fi Kamal Paul Nigam Kamal_Paul_Nigam@gs35.sp.cs.cmu.edu Kamil Dudka kdudka@redhat.com Karel Zak kzak@redhat.com Karl Berry karl@gnu.org Karl Eichwalder keichwa@gmx.net Karl Heuer kwzh@gnu.org Karl-Michael Schneider schneide@phil.uni-passau.de Karsten Thygesen karthy@kom.auc.dk Kaveh R. Ghazi ghazi@caip.rutgers.edu Kaxandra Labat kaxandra.labat@gmail.com Keith M. Briggs keith.briggs@bt.com Keith Owens kaos@audio.apana.org.au Keith Thompson Keith.S.Thompson@gmail.com Ken Booth ken@booths.org.uk Ken Irving ken.irving@alaska.edu Ken Pizzini kenp@halcyon.com Kevin Lyda kevin@ie.suberic.net Kevin Mudrick kmudrick@healthmarketscience.com Kim Hansen kim@i9.dk Kirk Kelsey kirk.kelsey@0x4b.net Kjetil Torgrim Homme kjetilho@ifi.uio.no KO Myung-Hun komh@chollian.net KOBAYASHI Takashi a1415tk@aiit.ac.jp Konrad Wróblewski coni@o2.pl Kristin E Thomas kristint@us.ibm.com Kristoffer Brånemyr ztion1@yahoo.se Kristoffer Rose kris@diku.dk Krzysztof Goj krzysztof.goj@gmail.com Ladislav Hagara ladislav.hagara@unob.cz Larry McVoy lm@sgi.com Lars Hecking lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie Lasse Collin lasse.collin@tukaani.org Leah Q eequor@earthlink.net Lehti Rami rammer@cs.tut.fi Leonard N. Zubkoff lnz@dandelion.com Leonardo Milano lmilano@udel.edu Lluís Batlle viriketo@gmail.com Lorne Baker lbaker@nitro.avint.net Ludovic Courtès ludo@gnu.org Luke Hassell lukehassell@yahoo.com Luke Kendall lukekendall@optushome.com.au Luther Thompson lutheroto@gmail.com M. P. Suzuki mpsuzuki@hiroshima-u.ac.jp Maciej Kwapulinski pikpok@univ.gda.pl Manas Garg manas@cygsoft.com Manfred Hollstein manfred@s-direktnet.de Manolis Ragkousis manolis837@gmail.com Marc Boucher marc@mbsi.ca Marc Haber mh+debian-bugs@zugschlus.de Marc Kleine-Budde mkl@pengutronix.de Marc Lehman schmorp@schmorp.de Marc Mengel mengel@fnal.gov Marc Olzheim marcolz@stack.nl Marcel Böhme https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~mboehme Marco Franzen Marco.Franzen@Thyron.com Marcus Brinkmann https://www.marcus-brinkmann.de Marcus Daniels marcus@ee.pdx.edu Marek Polacek mpolacek@redhat.com Mark A. Thomas thommark@access.digex.net Mark Conty Mark_Conty@cargill.com Mark D. Roth roth@uiuc.edu Mark Funkenhauser mfunkenhauser@rogers.com Mark Harris mark@monitor.designacc.com Mark Hewitt mhewitt@armature.com Mark Hounschell markh@compro.net Mark Hubbart discord@mac.com Mark Kettenis kettenis@phys.uva.nl Mark Korenberg socketpair@gmail.com Mark Melahn mmelahn@gmail.com Mark Nudelman marknu@flash.net Mark W. Eichin eichin@cygnus.com Markus Demleitner msdemlei@auriga.ari.uni-heidelberg.de Markus Duft mduft@gentoo.org Martial Bornet mbornet.pro@gmail.com Martin Buck martin.buck@ascom.ch Martin Gallant martyg@goodbit.net Martin Hippe martin.hippe@schlund.de Martin Jacobs martin.jacobs@arcor.de Martin martin@dresden.nacamar.de Martin Michlmayr tbm@cyrius.com Martin Mitchell martin@debian.org Martin P.J. Zinser zinser@decus.de Marty Leisner leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com Masami Takikawa takikawm@CS.ORST.EDU Mate Wierdl mw@moni.msci.memphis.edu Matej Vela mvela@public.srce.hr Matěj Cepl mcepl@redhat.com Mathias Brodala info@noctus.net Mathieu Bridon bochecha@fedoraproject.org Matias A. Fonzo selk@dragora.org Matt Harden matth@mindspring.com Matt Kraai kraai@ftbfs.org Matt McCutchen matt@mattmccutchen.net Matt Perry matt@primefactor.com Matt Pham mattvpham@gmail.com Matt Schalit mschalit@pacbell.net Matt Swift swift@alum.mit.edu Matthew Arnison maffew@cat.org.au Matthew Braun matthew@ans.net Matthew Clarke Matthew_Clarke@mindlink.bc.ca Matthew M. Boedicker matthewm@boedicker.org Matthew S. Levine mslevine@theory.lcs.mit.edu Matthew Smith matts@bluesguitar.org Matthew Swift swift@alum.mit.edu Matthew Woehlke mw_triad@users.sourceforge.net Matthias Urlichs smurf@noris.de Matti Aarnio matti.aarnio@zmailer.org Mattias Wadenstein maswan@acc.umu.se Max Chang maxchang@ucla.edu Maxime de Roucy maxime.deroucy@gmail.com Meelis Roos mroos@tartu.cyber.ee Micah Cowan micah@cowan.name Michael Bacarella mbac@netgraft.com Michael Deutschmann michael@talamasca.ocis.net Michael Elizabeth Chastain mec.gnu@mindspring.com Michael Gaughen mgaughen@polyserve.com Michael Hasselberg mikelh@zonta.ping.de Michael Heimpold mhei@heimpold.de Michael Hohn hohn@math.utah.edu Michael J. Croghan mcroghan@usatoday.com Michael J. Daniel michael.j.daniel@comcast.net Michael McFarland sidlon@yahoo.com Michael McLagan mmclagan@invlogic.com Michael Meskes michael@fam-meskes.de Michael michael@aplatform.com Michael ??? michael@roka.net Michael Mol mikemol@gmail.com Michael Orlitzky michael@orlitzky.com Michael Piefel piefel@informatik.hu-berlin.de Michael Price mprice@atl.lmco.com Michael Speer knomenet@gmail.com Michael Steffens michael.steffens@s.netic.de Michael Stone mstone@debian.org Michael Stummvoll michael@stummi.org Michael Stutz stutz@dsl.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@dev.de.cw.net Michael Veksler mveksler@techunix.technion.ac.il Michael Witten mfwitten@gmail.com Michail Litvak mci@owl.openwall.com Michal Nazarewicz mina86@mina86.com Michal Politowski mpol@charybda.icm.edu.pl Michal Svec msvec@suse.cz Michal Trunecka mtruneck@redhat.com Michel Robitaille robitail@IRO.UMontreal.CA Michiel Bacchiani bacchian@raven.bu.edu Mikael Magnusson mikachu@gmail.com Mike Castle dalgoda@ix.netcom.com Mike Coleman mkc@mathdogs.com Mike Frysinger vapier@gentoo.org Mike Jetzer mjetzer@mke.catalystwms.com Mike Swanson mikeonthecomputer@gmail.com Mikko Tuumanen m@sorvankyla.yok.utu.fi Mikulas Patocka mikulas@artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz Miles Bader miles@gnu.ai.mit.edu Minh Tran-Le tranle@intellicorp.com Mitchel Humpherys mitch.special@gmail.com Moritz Orbach ml-coreutils@apfelboymchen.homeunix.net Morten Welinder terra@diku.dk Nadav Har'El nyh@math.technion.ac.il Namhyung Kim namhyung@gmail.com Nao Nishijima nao.nishijima.xt@hitachi.com Neal H Walfield neal@cs.uml.edu Neil F. Brown neilb@suse.de Nelson H. F. Beebe beebe@math.utah.edu Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy pclouds@gmail.com Nick Alcock nick.alcock@oracle.com Nick Estes debian@nickstoys.com Nick Graham nick.d.graham@gmail.com Nick Lawes nlawes@silverplatter.com Nickolai Zeldovich nickolai@cs.stanford.edu Nicolas François nicolas.francois@centraliens.net Nicolas Iooss nicolas.iooss@m4x.org Niels Möller nisse@lysator.liu.se Niklas Edmundsson nikke@acc.umu.se Nikola Milutinovic Nikola.Milutinovic@ev.co.yu Nikolas Kallis nik@nikolaskallis.com Nikolaus Rath Nikolaus@rath.org Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos nmav@redhat.com Nima Nikzad nnikzad@ucla.edu Nix nix@esperi.org.uk Noah Friedman friedman@splode.com Noel Cragg noel@red-bean.com Norbert Kiesel nkiesel@tbdnetworks.com Norihiro Kamae norihiro@nagater.net Olatunji Oluwabukunmi Ruwase tjruwase@stanford.edu Olav Morkrid olav@funcom.com Ole Laursen olau@hardworking.dk Oliver Kiddle okiddle@yahoo.co.uk Olivier Fourdan ofourdan@redhat.com Ondrej Oprala ooprala@redhat.com Ondřej Vašík ovasik@redhat.com Ørn E. Hansen oehansen@daimi.aau.dk Oskar Liljeblad osk@hem.passagen.se Otavio Salvador otavio@ossystems.com.br Pádraig Brady P@draigBrady.com Paolo Bonzini bonzini@gnu.org Patrick Mauritz oxygene@studentenbude.ath.cx Patrick Schoenfeld schoenfeld@debian.org Patrick W. Plusnick II pwplusnick2@gmail.com Paul D. Smith psmith@gnu.org Paul Eggert eggert@cs.ucla.edu Paul Ghaleb paul.ghaleb@st.com Paul Jarc prj@po.cwru.edu Paul Marinescu paul.marinescu@imperial.ac.uk Paul Nevai nevai@ops.mps.ohio-state.edu Paul Sauer paul@alexa.com Paul Slootman paul@debian.org Paul Townsend aab@purdue.edu Paul Worrall paul@basilisk.uklinux.net Pawel Prokop pablo@wizard.ae.krakow.pl Peng Yu pengyu.ut@gmail.com Per Cederqvist ceder@lysator.liu.se Per Kristian Hove perhov@math.ntnu.no Per Starbäck starback@stp.lingfil.uu.se Peter Benie pjb1008@cam.ac.uk Peter Bray pdb_ml@yahoo.com.au Peter Breitenlohner peb@mppmu.mpg.de Peter Dyballa peter_dyballa@web.de Peter Eriksson peter@ifm.liu.se Peter Evans peter@ixp.jp Peter Fales psfales@alcatel-lucent.com Peter Horst peter@ointment.org Peter Moulder reiter@netspace.net.au Peter O'Gorman bug-coreutils@mlists.thewrittenword.com Peter Samuelson psamuels@sampo.creighton.edu Peter Seebach seebs@taniemarie.solon.com Petr Pisar petr.pisar@atlas.cz Petr Salinger Petr.Salinger@seznam.cz Petr Stodůlka pstodulk@redhat.com Petr Uzel petr.uzel@suse.cz Petter Reinholdtsen pere@hungry.com Phelippe Neveu pneveu@pcigeomatics.com Phil Richards phil.richards@vf.vodafone.co.uk Philip Rowlands phr@doc.ic.ac.uk Philipp Gortan gortan@gmail.com Philipp Thomas pth@suse.de Philippe De Muyter phdm@macqel.be Philippe Schnoebelen Philippe.Schnoebelen@imag.fr Phillip Jones mouse@datastacks.com Piergiorgio Sartor sartor@sony.de Pieter Bowman bowman@math.utah.edu Piotr Gackiewicz gacek@intertele.pl Piotr Kwapulinski kwap@univ.gda.pl Pozsár Balázs pozsy@uhulinux.hu Prashant TR tr@eth.net Prateek saxena prateeksaxena2@gmail.com Priit Jõerüüt jemm4jemm@yahoo.com Primoz PETERLIN primozz.peterlin@gmail.com Raimonds Miltins raimonds@pro-9.com Rainer Orth ro@TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE Ralf Wildenhues Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de Ralf W. Stephan stephan@tmt.de Ralph Loader loader@maths.ox.ac.uk Rasmus Borup Hansen rbh@intomics.com Rasmus Villemoes rv@rasmusvillemoes.dk Raul Miller moth@magenta.com Raúl Núñez de Arenas Coronado raul@pleyades.net Rémy Lefevre lefevreremy@gmail.com Reuben Thomas rrt@sc3d.org ribalba geerd.dietger.hoffmann@gmail.com Rich Burridge rich.burridge@oracle.com Richard A Downing richard.downing@bcs.org.uk Richard Braakman dark@xs4all.nl Richard Dawe rich@phekda.freeserve.co.uk Richard J. Rauenzahn rrauenza@hairball.cup.hp.com Richard Neill rn214@hermes.cam.ac.uk Richard Russon rich@flatcap.org Richard Sharman rsharman@magmacom.com Rick Sladkey jrs@world.std.com Rick Stanley rstanley@rsiny.com Rik Faith faith@cs.unc.edu Rishabh Dave rishabhddave@gmail.com Risto Kankkunen kankkune@lingsoft.fi Rob Day robertkday@gmail.com Rob Wortman wyrm@haell.com Robert H. de Vries robert@and.nl Robert Lindgren robert@orcafat.com Robert Millan zeratul2@wanadoo.es Robert Schwebel r.schwebel@pengutronix.de Robin H. Johnson robbat2@gentoo.org Rodrigo Campos rodrigo@sdfg.com.ar Rogier Wolff R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl Roland Hieber rohieb@rohieb.name Roland Huebner ro-huebner@gmx.de Roland Turner raz.tah.bet@raz.cx Roman Rybalko devel@romanr.info Ronald F. Guilmette rfg@netcom.com Ross Alexander r.alexander@auckland.ac.nz Ross Paterson rap@doc.ic.ac.uk Ross Ridge rridge@calum.csclub.uwaterloo.ca Rudolf Kastl rkastl@redhat.com Ruediger Meier sweet_f_a@gmx.de Sahil Amoli sahilamoli@gmail.com Sami Farin sfarin@ratol.fi Sami Kerola kerolasa@iki.fi Samuel Neves sneves@dei.uc.pt Samuel Tardieu sam@rfc1149.net Samuel Thibault samuel.thibault@ens-lyon.org Samuli Karkkainen Samuli.Karkkainen@hut.fi Sander van Malssen svm@kozmix.ow.nl Santiago Vila Doncel sanvila@unex.es Savochkin Andrey Vladimirovich saw@msu.ru Scott Harrison scott.gnu.2009@scottrix.co.uk Scott Lurndal slurn@griffin.engr.sgi.com Sebastian Kisela skisela@redhat.com Sébastien Maret smaret@umich.edu Sergei Steshenko sergstesh@yahoo.com Sergey Vlasov vsu@altlinux.org Sergio Durigan Junior sergiodj@sergiodj.net Shane M Seymour shane.seymour@hp.com Shayan Pooya shayan@liveve.org Shing-Shong Shei shei@cs.indiana.edu Simon Josefsson simon@josefsson.org Soeren Sonnenburg sonnenburg@informatik.hu-berlin.de Solar Designer solar@owl.openwall.com Stanislav Ievlev inger@altlinux.ru Stavros Passas stabat@ics.forth.gr Stefan Vargyas stvar@yahoo.com Stefano Lattarini stefano.lattarini@gmail.com Stephan Krempel krempel@par-tec.com Stephane Chazelas stephane.chazelas@gmail.com Stéphane Aulery saulery@free.fr Stéphane Chazelas Stephane_CHAZELAS@yahoo.fr Stéphane Raimbault stephane.raimbault@gmail.com Stephen Depooter sbdep@myrealbox.com Stephen Eglen eglen@pcg.wustl.edu Stephen Gildea gildea@stop.mail-abuse.org Stephen Shirley kormat@gmail.com Stephen Smoogen smooge@mindspring.com Steve McConnel steve@acadcomp.sil.org Steve McIntyre steve@einval.com Steve Ward planet36@gmail.com Steven Drake sbd@users.sourceforge.net Steven G. Johnson stevenj@alum.mit.edu Steven Mocking ufo@quicknet.nl Steven Parkes smparkes@smparkes.net Steven P Watson steven@magelico.net Steven Schubiger schubiger@gmail.com Steven Schveighoffer schveiguy@yahoo.com Stuart Citrin ctrn3e8@gmail.com Stuart Kemp skemp@peter.bmc.com Stuart Shelton stuart@shelton.me Sven Breuner sven.breuner@itwm.fraunhofer.de Sven Joachim svenjoac@gmx.de Szakacsits Szabolcs szaka@sienet.hu Tadayoshi Funaba tadf@kt.rim.or.jp TAKAI Kousuke takai@vlsi.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp The Wanderer inverseparadox@comcast.net Theodore Ts'o tytso@rsts-11.mit.edu Theodoros V. Kalamatianos thkala@softlab.ece.ntua.gr Thiago Farina tfransosi@gmail.com Thien-Thi Nguyen ttn@gnuvola.org Thomas Bushnell thomas@gnu.ai.mit.edu Thomas Deutschmann whissi@gentoo.org Thomas Goerlich thomas@schnappmatik.de Thomas Hood jdthood@yahoo.co.uk Thomas Jarosch thomas.jarosch@intra2net.com Thomas Luzat thomas@luzat.com Thomas M.Ott thmo-13@gmx.de Thomas Quinot thomas@Cuivre.FR.EU.ORG Thomas Schwinge tschwinge@gnu.org Thomas Wolff mined@towo.net Tiger Lee i@tigerlee.me Tim J. Robbins tjr@FreeBSD.org Tim Mooney mooney@dogbert.cc.ndsu.NoDak.edu Tim Ryan Tim_Ryan@bnz.co.nz Tim Smithers mouse@dmouse.com.au Tim Underwood timunderwood@gmail.com Tim Waugh twaugh@redhat Tobias Quathamer toddy@debian.org Tobias Stoeckmann tobias@stoeckmann.org Toby Peterson toby@opendarwin.org Todd A. Jacobs tjacobs@codegnome.org Tom Fitzhenry tom@tom-fitzhenry.me.uk Tom Haynes thomas@netapp.com Tom Quinn trq@dionysos.thphys.ox.ac.uk Tomas Pospisek tpo@sourcepole.ch Tomas Smetana t.smetana@gmail.com Tommi Kyntola tkyntola@cc.hut.fi Ton Hospel thospel@mail.dma.be Ton Nijkes ton@murphy.nl Tony Kocurko akocurko@mun.ca Tony Leneis tony@plaza.ds.adp.com Tony Robinson ajr@eng.cam.ac.uk Toomas Soome Toomas.Soome@Elion.ee Toralf Förster toralf.foerster@gmx.de Torbjorn Lindgren tl@funcom.no Torbjörn Granlund tg@gmplib.org Torsten Landschoff torsten@pclab.ifg.uni-kiel.de Travis Gummels tgummels@redhat.com Tristan Miller psychonaut@nothingisreal.com Tzvi Rotshtein tzvi.ro@gmail.com Ulrich Drepper drepper@gnu.org Ulrich Hermisson ulrich_hermisson@hotmail.com Urs Thuermann urs@isnogud.escape.de Uwe H. Steinfeld usteinfeld@gmx.net Vesselin Atanasov vesselin@bgnet.bg Ville Skyttä ville.skytta@iki.fi Vin Shelton acs@alumni.princeton.edu Vincent Lefevre vincent@vinc17.net Vineet Chadha chadha@acis.ufl.edu Vitali Lovich vlovich@gmail.com Vitaly A. Ostanin vyt@altlinux.org Vito Caputo vcaputo@pengaru.com Vlada Macek tuttle@bbs.fsik.cvut.cz Volker Borchert bt@teknon.de Volker Paul vpaul@dohle.com Wartan Hachaturow wart@tepkom.ru Wayne Stewart wstewa@atl.com Wenjun Zheng zwj@yahoo.com Werner Almesberger Werner.Almesberger@epfl.ch Wichert Akkerman wichert@cistron.nl Wieland Hoffmann themineo@gmail.com Will Edgington wedgingt@acm.org William Bader william@nscs.fast.net William Dowling will@franklin.com William Lewis wiml@omnigroup.com William R. Fraser wfraser@codewise.org wiregauze wiregauze@yahoo.com Wis Macomson wis.macomson@intel.com Wojciech Purczynski cliph@isec.pl Wolfram Kleff kleff@cs.uni-bonn.de Won-kyu Park wkpark@chem.skku.ac.kr Xu Zhongxing xu_zhong_xing@163.com Yang Ren ryang@redhat.com Yanko Kaneti yaneti@declera.com Yann Dirson dirson@debian.org Yigal Korman yigal@plexistor.com Youngjun Song mastojun@gmail.com Yunlian Jiang yunlian@chromium.org Yurij Goncharuk lnkgyv@gmail.com Yury Usishchev y.usishchev@samsung.com Yutaka Amanai yasai-itame1942@jade.plala.or.jp Zartaj Majeed zmajeed@sbcglobal.net Zooko zookog@gmail.com Zvi Har'El rl@math.technion.ac.il ;; Local Variables: ;; coding: utf-8 ;; End: PKV@2]휯**READMEnu[These are the GNU core utilities. This package is the union of the GNU fileutils, sh-utils, and textutils packages. Most of these programs have significant advantages over their Unix counterparts, such as greater speed, additional options, and fewer arbitrary limits. The programs that can be built with this package are: [ arch b2sum base32 base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm coreutils cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false fmt fold groups head hostid hostname id install join kill link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc numfmt od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir runcon seq sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum shred shuf sleep sort split stat stdbuf stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uptime users vdir wc who whoami yes See the file NEWS for a list of major changes in the current release. If you obtained this file as part of a "git clone", then see the README-hacking file. If this file came to you as part of a tar archive, then see the file INSTALL for compilation and installation instructions. Like the rest of the GNU system, these programs mostly conform to POSIX, with BSD and other extensions. For closer conformance, or conformance to a particular POSIX version, set the POSIXLY_CORRECT and the _POSIX2_VERSION environment variables, as described in the documentation under "Standards conformance". The ls, dir, and vdir commands are all separate executables instead of one program that checks argv[0] because people often rename these programs to things like gls, gnuls, l, etc. Renaming a program file shouldn't affect how it operates, so that people can get the behavior they want with whatever name they want. Special thanks to Paul Eggert, Brian Matthews, Bruce Evans, Karl Berry, Kaveh Ghazi, and François Pinard for help with debugging and porting these programs. Many thanks to all of the people who have taken the time to submit problem reports and fixes. All contributed changes are attributed in the commit logs. And thanks to the following people who have provided accounts for portability testing on many different types of systems: Bob Proulx, Christian Robert, François Pinard, Greg McGary, Harlan Stenn, Joel N. Weber, Mark D. Roth, Matt Schalit, Nelson H. F. Beebe, Réjean Payette, Sam Tardieu. Thanks to Michael Stone for inflicting test releases of this package on Debian's unstable distribution, and to all the kind folks who used that distribution and found and reported bugs. Note that each man page is now automatically generated from a template and from the corresponding --help usage message. Patches to the template files (man/*.x) are welcome. However, the authoritative documentation is in texinfo form in the doc directory. ********************* Pre-C99 build failure --------------------- In 2009 we added this requirement: To build the coreutils from source, you must have a C99-conforming compiler, due to the use of declarations after non-declaration statements in several files in src/. There is code in configure to find and, if possible, enable an appropriate compiler. However, if configure doesn't find a C99 compiler, it continues nonetheless, and your build will fail. There used to be a "c99-to-c89.diff" patch you could apply to convert to code that even an old pre-c99 compiler can handle, but it was too tedious to maintain, so has been removed. *********************** HPUX 11.x build failure ----------------------- A known problem exists when compiling on HPUX on both hppa and ia64 in 64-bit mode (i.e., +DD64) on HP-UX 11.0, 11.11, and 11.23. This is not due to a bug in the package but instead due to a bug in the system header file which breaks things in 64-bit mode. The default compilation mode is 32-bit and the software compiles fine using the default mode. To build this software in 64-bit mode you will need to fix the system /usr/include/inttypes.h header file. After correcting that file the software also compiles fine in 64-bit mode. Here is one possible patch to correct the problem: --- /usr/include/inttypes.h.orig Thu May 30 01:00:00 1996 +++ /usr/include/inttypes.h Sun Mar 23 00:20:36 2003 @@ -489 +489 @@ -#ifndef __STDC_32_MODE__ +#ifndef __LP64__ ************************ OSF/1 4.0d and AIX build failures ------------------------ If you use /usr/bin/make on these systems, the build will fail due to the presence of the "[" target. OSF/1 make(1) appears to treat "[" as some syntax relating to locks, while AIX make(1) appears to skip the "[" target. To work around these issues the best solution is to use GNU make. Otherwise, simply remove all mention of "[$(EXEEXT)" from src/Makefile. ************************ 32 bit time_t build failures ------------------------ On systems where it's determined that 64 bit time_t is supported (indicated by touch -t ), but that coreutils would be built with a narrower time_t, the build will fail. This can be allowed by passing TIME_T_32_BIT_OK=yes to configure, or avoided by enabling 64 bit builds. For example GCC on AIX defaults to 32 bit, and to enable the 64 bit ABI one can use: ./configure CFLAGS=-maix64 LDFLAGs=-maix64 AR='ar -X64' ************************************************* "make check" failure on IRIX 6.5 and Solaris <= 9 ------------------------------------------------- Using the vendor make program to run "make check" fails on these two systems. If you want to run all of the tests there, use GNU make. ********************** Running tests as root: ---------------------- If you run the tests as root, note that a few of them create files and/or run programs as a non-root user, 'nobody' by default. If you want to use some other non-root username, specify it via the NON_ROOT_USERNAME environment variable. Depending on the permissions with which the working directories have been created, using 'nobody' may fail, because that user won't have the required read and write access to the build and test directories. I find that it is best to unpack and build as a non-privileged user, and then to run the following command as that user in order to run the privilege-requiring tests: sudo env PATH="$PATH" NON_ROOT_USERNAME=$USER make -k check-root If you can run the tests as root, please do so and report any problems. We get much less test coverage in that mode, and it's arguably more important that these tools work well when run by root than when run by less privileged users. *************** Reporting bugs: --------------- Send bug reports, questions, comments, etc. to bug-coreutils@gnu.org. To suggest a patch, see the files README-hacking and HACKING for tips. If you have a problem with 'sort', try running 'sort --debug', as it can can often help find and fix problems without having to wait for an answer to a bug report. If the debug output does not suffice to fix the problem on your own, please compress and attach it to the rest of your bug report. IMPORTANT: if you take the time to report a test failure, please be sure to include the output of running 'make check' in verbose mode for each failing test. For example, if the test that fails is tests/df/df-P.sh, then you would run this command: make check TESTS=tests/df/df-P.sh VERBOSE=yes SUBDIRS=. >> log 2>&1 For some tests, you can get even more detail by adding DEBUG=yes. Then include the contents of the file 'log' in your bug report. *************************************** There are many tests, but nowhere near as many as we need. Additions and corrections are very welcome. If you see a problem that you've already reported, feel free to re-report it -- it won't bother me to get a reminder. Besides, the more messages I get regarding a particular problem the sooner it'll be fixed -- usually. If you sent a complete patch and, after a couple weeks you haven't received any acknowledgement, please ping us. A complete patch includes a well-written ChangeLog entry, unified (diff -u format) diffs relative to the most recent test release (or, better, relative to the latest sources in the public repository), an explanation for why the patch is necessary or useful, and if at all possible, enough information to reproduce whatever problem prompted it. Plus, you'll earn lots of karma if you include a test case to exercise any bug(s) you fix. Here are instructions for checking out the latest development sources: https://savannah.gnu.org/git/?group=coreutils If your patch adds a new feature, please try to get some sort of consensus that it is a worthwhile change. One way to do that is to send mail to coreutils@gnu.org including as much description and justification as you can. Based on the feedback that generates, you may be able to convince us that it's worth adding. Please also consult the list of previously discussed but ultimately rejected feature requests at: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rejected_requests.html WARNING: Now that we use the ./bootstrap script, you should not run autoreconf manually. Doing that will overwrite essential source files with older versions, which may make the package unbuildable or introduce subtle bugs. WARNING: If you modify files like configure.in, m4/*.m4, aclocal.m4, or any Makefile.am, then don't be surprised if what gets regenerated no longer works. To make things work, you'll have to be using appropriate versions of the tools listed in bootstrap.conf's buildreq string. All of these programs except 'test' recognize the '--version' option. When reporting bugs, please include in the subject line both the package name/version and the name of the program for which you found a problem. For general documentation on the coding and usage standards this distribution follows, see the GNU Coding Standards at: https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/ For any copyright year range specified as YYYY-ZZZZ in this package note that the range specifies every single year in that closed interval. Mail suggestions and bug reports for these programs to the address on the last line of --help output. ======================================================================== Copyright (C) 1998-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the "GNU Free Documentation License" file as part of this distribution. PKV@2]dITODOnu[If you're interested in helping, here are some tasks that we've considered over the years. Beware: some are quite old and no longer valid. To avoid wasting your time by duplicating work or by working on a task that is no longer pertinent, please search the mailing list and post your intent before embarking on a big project. ================================================== Modify chmod so that it does not change an inode's st_ctime when the selected operation would have no other effect. First suggested by Hans Ecke in https://lists.gnu.org/r/bug-coreutils/2004-09/msg00145.html Discussed more recently on . document the following in coreutils.texi: [ pinky Suggestion from Paul Eggert: More generally, there's not that much use for imaxtostr nowadays, since the inttypes module and newer versions of gettext allow things like _("truncating %s at %" PRIdMAX " bytes") to work portably. I suspect that (if someone cares to take the time) we can remove all instances of imaxtostr and umaxtostr in coreutils and gnulib. cp --recursive: use fts and *at functions to perform directory traversals in source and destination hierarchy rather than forming full file names. The latter (current) approach fails unnecessarily when the names become very long, and requires space and time that is quadratic in the depth of the hierarchy. [Bo Borgerson is working on this] printf: Now that gnulib supports *printf("%a"), import one of the *printf-posix modules so that printf(1) will support %a even on platforms where the native *printf(3) is deficient. Suggestion from Eric Blake. consider adding some implementation of the "col" utility Suggested by Karl Berry. doc/coreutils.texi: Address this comment: FIXME: mv's behavior in this case is system-dependent Better still: fix the code so it's *not* system-dependent. ls: add --format=FORMAT option that controls how each line is printed. copy.c: Address the FIXME-maybe comment in copy_internal. And once that's done, add an exclusion so that 'cp --link' no longer incurs the overhead of saving src. dev/ino and dest. filename in the hash table. Write an autoconf test to work around build failure in HPUX's 64-bit mode. See notes in README -- and remove them once there's a work-around. Integrate use of sendfile, suggested here: https://lists.gnu.org/r/bug-fileutils/2003-03/msg00030.html I don't plan to do that, since a few tests demonstrate no significant benefit. printf: consider adapting builtins/printf.def from bash tail: don't use xlseek; it *exits*. Instead, maybe use a macro and return nonzero. tr: support nontrivial equivalence classes, e.g. [=e=] with LC_COLLATE=fr_FR lib/strftime.c: Since %N is the only format that we need but that glibc's strftime doesn't support, consider using a wrapper that would expand /%(-_)?\d*N/ to the desired string and then pass the resulting string to glibc's strftime. sort: Investigate better sorting algorithms; see Knuth vol. 3. We tried list merge sort, but it was about 50% slower than the recursive algorithm currently used by sortlines, and it used more comparisons. We're not sure why this was, as the theory suggests it should do fewer comparisons, so perhaps this should be revisited. List merge sort was implemented in the style of Knuth algorithm 5.2.4L, with the optimization suggested by exercise 5.2.4-22. The test case was 140,213,394 bytes, 426,4424 lines, text taken from the GCC 3.3 distribution, sort.c compiled with GCC 2.95.4 and running on Debian 3.0r1 GNU/Linux, 2.4GHz Pentium 4, single pass with no temporary files and plenty of RAM. Since comparisons seem to be the bottleneck, perhaps the best algorithm to try next should be merge insertion. See Knuth section 5.3.1, who credits Lester Ford, Jr. and Selmer Johnson, American Mathematical Monthly 66 (1959), 387-389. shred: Update shred as described here to conform to DoD 5220 rules: https://lists.gnu.org/r/bug-coreutils/2007-05/msg00075.html Remove suspicious uses of alloca (ones that may allocate more than about 4k) Improve test coverage. See HACKING for instructions on generating an html test coverage report. Find a program that has poor coverage and improve. Changes expected to go in, someday. ====================================== dd patch from Olivier Delhomme test/mv/*: clean up $other_partition_tmpdir in all cases ls: when both -l and --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir are specified, consider whether to let the latter select whether to dereference command line symlinks to directories. Since -l has an implicit --NO-dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir meaning. Pointed out by Karl Berry. Pending copyright papers: ------------------------ getpwnam from Bruce Korb pb (progress bar) from Miika Pekkarinen ------------------------------ Remove long-deprecated options. Search case-insensitive for 'deprecated' and 'remove in '. Automate this. Add a distcheck-time test to ensure that every distributed file is either read-only(indicating generated) or is version-controlled and up to date. remove all uses of the 'register' keyword: Done. add a maint.mk rule for this, too. remove or adjust chown's --changes option, since it can't always do what it currently says it does. Support arbitrary-precision arithmetic in those tools for which it makes sense. Factor and expr already support this via libgmp. The "test" program is covered via its string-based comparison of integers. To be converted: seq. Adapt tools like wc, tr, fmt, etc. (most of the textutils) to be multibyte aware. The problem is that I want to avoid duplicating significant blocks of logic, yet I also want to incur only minimal (preferably 'no') cost when operating in single-byte mode. pr's use of nstrftime can make it malloc a very large (up to SIZE_MAX) buffer ----- Copyright (C) 2002-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . PKV@2]1MG"U,U,NEWSnu[GNU coreutils NEWS -*- outline -*- * Noteworthy changes in release 8.30 (2018-07-01) [stable] ** Bug fixes 'cp --symlink SRC DST' will again correctly validate DST. If DST is a regular file and SRC is a symlink to DST, then cp will no longer allow that operation to clobber DST. Also with -d, if DST is a symlink, then it can always be replaced, even if it points to SRC on a separate device. [bugs introduced with coreutils-8.27] 'cp -n -u' and 'mv -n -u' now consistently ignore the -u option. Previously, this option combination suffered from race conditions that caused -u to sometimes override -n. [bug introduced with coreutils-7.1] 'cp -a --no-preserve=mode' now sets appropriate default permissions for non regular files like fifos and character device nodes etc., and leaves mode bits of existing files unchanged. Previously it would have set executable bits on created special files, and set mode bits for existing files as if they had been created. [bug introduced with coreutils-8.20] 'cp --remove-destination file symlink' now removes the symlink even if it can't be traversed. [bug introduced with --remove-destination in fileutils-4.1.1] ls no longer truncates the abbreviated month names that have a display width between 6 and 12 inclusive. Previously this would have output ambiguous months for Arabic or Catalan locales. 'ls -aA' is now equivalent to 'ls -A', since -A now overrides -a. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] 'mv -n A B' no longer suffers from a race condition that can overwrite a simultaneously-created B. This bug fix requires platform support for the renameat2 or renameatx_np syscalls, found in recent Linux and macOS kernels. As a side effect, ‘mv -n A A’ now silently does nothing if A exists. [bug introduced with coreutils-7.1] ** Changes in behavior 'cp --force file symlink' now removes the symlink even if it is self referential. ls --color now matches file extensions case insensitively. ** New features cp --reflink now supports --reflink=never to enforce a standard copy. env supports a new -v/--debug option to show verbose information about each processing step. env supports a new -S/--split-string=S option to split a single argument string into multiple arguments. Used to pass multiple arguments in scripts (shebang lines). md5sum accepts a new option: --zero (-z) to delimit the output lines with a NUL instead of a newline character. This also disables file name escaping. This also applies to sha*sum and b2sum. rm --preserve-root now supports the --preserve-root=all option to reject any command line argument that is mounted to a separate file system. ** Improvements cut supports line lengths up to the max file size on 32 bit systems. Previously only offsets up to SIZE_MAX-1 were supported. stat and tail now know about the "exfs" file system, which is a version of XFS. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f uses inotify. wc avoids redundant processing of ASCII text in multibyte locales, which is especially significant on macOS. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.29 (2017-12-27) [stable] ** Bug fixes b2sum no longer crashes when processing certain truncated check files. [bug introduced with b2sum coreutils-8.26] dd now ensures the correct cache ranges are specified for the "nocache" and "direct" flags. Previously some pages in the page cache were not invalidated. [bug introduced for "direct" in coreutils-7.5, and with the "nocache" implementation in coreutils-8.11] df no longer hangs when given a fifo argument. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.3] ptx -S no longer infloops for a pattern which returns zero-length matches. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] shred --remove will again repeatedly rename files with shortening names to attempt to hide the original length of the file name. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.28] stty no longer crashes when processing settings with -F also specified. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0] tail --bytes again supports non seekable inputs on all systems. On systems like android it always tried to process as seekable inputs. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] timeout will again notice its managed command exiting, even when invoked with blocked CHLD signal, or in a narrow window where this CHLD signal from the exiting child was missed. In each case timeout would have then waited for the time limit to expire. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.27] ** New features timeout now supports the --verbose option to diagnose forced termination. ** Improvements dd now supports iflag=direct with arbitrary sized files on all file systems. tail --bytes=NUM will efficiently seek to the end of block devices, rather than reading from the start. Utilities which do not support long options (other than the default --help and --version), e.g. cksum and sleep, now use more consistent error diagnostic for unknown long options. ** Build-related Default man pages are now distributed which are used if perl is not available on the build system, or when cross compiling. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.28 (2017-09-01) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp and mv now merely warn about any failure to preserve symlink ownership. Before, cp (without -p) would exit with a failure status, and a cross-device mv would leave such symlinks behind in the source file system. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] When creating numbered backups, cp, install, ln, and mv now avoid races that could lose backup data in unlikely circumstances. Since the fix relies on the renameat2 system call of Linux kernel 3.15 and later, the races are still present on other platforms. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] cp, install, ln, and mv no longer lose data when asked to copy a backup file to its original via a differently-spelled file name. E.g., 'rm -f a a~; : > a; echo data > a~; cp --backup=simple a~ ./a' now fails instead of losing the data. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] cp, install, ln, and mv now ignore nonsensical backup suffixes. For example, --suffix='/' and --suffix='' are now no-ops. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] date and touch no longer overwrite the heap with large user specified TZ values (CVE-2017-7476). [bug introduced in coreutils-8.27] dd status=progress now just counts seconds; e.g., it outputs "6 s" consistently rather than sometimes outputting "6.00001 s". [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] df no longer interacts with excluded file system types, so for example specifying -x nfs no longer hangs with problematic nfs mounts. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.21] df no longer interacts with dummy file system types, so for example no longer hangs with problematic nfs mounted via system.automount(5). [bug introduced in coreutils-8.21] `groups inva:lid root` no longer exits immediately upon failure. Now, it prints a diagnostic or a line to stdout for each argument. [bug introduced in the bourne-shell-to-C rewrite for coreutils-6.11] kill now converts from number to signal name correctly on AIX. Previously it would have always returned the 'EXIT' name. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.1.9] ls now quotes symlink targets consistently. Previously it may not have quoted the target name if the link name itself didn't need quoting. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.26] split no longer exits when invocations of a --filter return EPIPE. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.26] md5sum --check no longer incorrectly enables BSD reversed format mode when ignoring some non checksum lines. This also affects sha*sum and b2sum. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.14] tail -F 'dir/file' is now monitored even when 'dir' is replaced. [bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5] tail -f with --pid=PID now processes all inotify events. Previously events may have been ignored completely upon PID death, or ignored until future events on the monitored files. [bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5] tail -f /dev/tty is now supported by not using inotify when any non regular files are specified, as inotify is ineffective with these. [bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5] uptime no longer outputs the AM/PM component of the current time, as that's inconsistent with the 24 hour time format used. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] expr now returns number of characters matched (instead of incorrect number of bytes matched) with 'match'/':' operators on multibyte strings. ** New features expand and unexpand now support specifying an offset for tab stops by prefixing the last specified number like --tabs=1,+8 which is useful for visualizing diff output for example. ls supports a new --hyperlink[=when] option to output file:// format links to files, supported by some terminals. split supports a new --hex-suffixes[=from] option to create files with lower case hexadecimal suffixes, similar to the --numeric-suffixes option. env now has a --chdir (-C) option to change the working directory before executing the subsidiary program. expr supports multibyte strings for all string operations. ** Changes in behavior tail -f now exits immediately if the output is piped and the reader of the pipe terminates. That allows `tail -f file | grep -q foo` to return responsively, but does make `tail -f file | :` exit immediately without waiting for data. Instead one should now `tail -f file | grep -q .` ** Improvements mv --verbose now distinguishes rename and copy operations. stat -f -c %l, used to output the max file name length on a file system, is now supported on FreeBSD and OpenBSD. tail -f no longer erroneously warns about being ineffective when following a single tty, as the simple blocking loop used is effective in this case. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.27 (2017-03-08) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp --parents will now set an SELinux context for created directories, as appropriate for the -a, --preseve=context, or -Z options. [bug present since SELinux support added in coreutils-6.10] date again converts from a specified time zone. Previously output was not converted to the local time zone, and remained in the specified one. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.26] Commands like 'cp --no-dereference -l A B' are no longer quiet no-ops when A is a regular file and B is a symbolic link that points to A. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0] factor no longer goes into an infinite loop for certain numbers like 158909489063877810457 and 222087527029934481871. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] tail no longer prints redundant file headers with interleaved inotify events, which could be triggered especially when tail was suspended and resumed. [bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5] timeout no longer has a race that may terminate the wrong process. The race is unlikely, as timeout(1) needs to receive a signal right after the command being monitored finishes. Also the system needs to have reallocated that command's pid in that short time window. [bug introduced when timeout was added in coreutils-7.0] wc --bytes --files0-from now correctly reports byte counts. Previously it may have returned values that were too large, depending on the size of the first file processed. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] ** Improvements The new 'date' option --rfc-email is now the long form for -R. The new option spelling is intended to avoid the need to track the Internet RFC number for email dates (currently RFC 5322). The old option spellings --rfc-2822 and --rfc-822 still work. date now outputs "-00" for a numeric time zone if the time is UTC and the time zone abbreviation begins with "-", indicating that the time zone is indeterminate. nproc now honors the OMP_THREAD_LIMIT environment variable to set the maximum returned value. OMP_NUM_THREADS continues to set the minimum returned value, but is updated to support the nested level syntax allowed in this variable. stat and tail now know about the "rdt" file system, which is an interface to Resource Director Technology. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f uses inotify. stty now validates arguments before interacting with the device, ensuring there are no side effects to specifying an invalid option. If the file B already exists, commands like 'ln -f A B' and 'cp -fl A B' no longer remove B before creating the new link. That is, there is no longer a brief moment when B does not exist. ** New features expand and unexpand now support specifying a tab size to use after explicitly specified tab stops, by prefixing the last specified number like --tabs=2,4,/8. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.26 (2016-11-30) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp, mv, and install no longer run into undefined behavior when handling ACLs on Cygwin and Solaris platforms. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] cp --parents --no-preserve=mode, no longer copies permissions from source directories, instead using default permissions for created directories. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.93] chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, du, and rm, or specifically utilities using the FTS interface, now diagnose failures returned by readdir(). [this bug was inherent in the use of fts: thus, for rm the bug was introduced in coreutils-8.0. du, chmod, chgrp and chown started using fts in 6.0. chcon was added in coreutils-6.9.91 with fts support. ] date, du, ls, and pr no longer mishandle time zone abbreviations on System V style platforms where this information is available only in the global variable 'tzname'. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] factor again outputs immediately when numbers are input interactively. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] head no longer tries to process non-seekable input as seekable, which resulted in failures on FreeBSD 11 at least. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] install -DZ and mkdir -pZ now set default SELinux context correctly even if two or more directories nested in each other are created and each of them defaults to a different SELinux context. ls --time-style no longer mishandles '%%b' in formats. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.2] md5sum --check --ignore-missing no longer treats files with checksums starting with "00" as missing. This also affects sha*sum. [bug introduced with the --ignore-missing feature in coreutils-8.25] nl now resets numbering for each page section rather than just for each page. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] pr now handles specified separator strings containing tabs correctly. Previously it would have output random data from memory. [This bug was detected with ASAN and present in "the beginning".] sort -h -k now works even in locales that use blank as thousands separator. stty --help no longer outputs extraneous gettext header lines for translated languages. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] stty "sane" again sets "susp" to ^z on Solaris, and leaves "swtch" undefined. [This bug previously fixed only on some older Solaris systems] seq now immediately exits upon write errors. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] tac no longer crashes when there are issues reading from non-seekable inputs. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.15] tail -F now continues to process initially untailable files that are replaced by a tailable file. This was handled correctly when inotify was available, and is now handled correctly in all cases. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0h] tail -f - 'untailable file' will now terminate when there is no more data to read from stdin. Previously it behaved as if --retry was specified. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] tail -f 'remote file' will now avoid outputting repeated data on network file systems that misreport file sizes through stale metadata. [This bug was present in "the beginning" but exacerbated in coreutils-8.24] tail -f --retry 'missing file' will now process truncations of that file. Previously truncation was ignored thus not outputting new data in the file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] tail -f will no longer continually try to open inaccessible files, only doing so if --retry is specified. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] yes now handles short writes, rather than assuming all writes complete. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] ** Changes in behavior rm no longer accepts shortened variants of the --no-preserve-root option. seq no longer accepts 0 value as increment, and now also rejects NaN values for any argument. stat now outputs nanosecond information for timestamps even if they are out of localtime range. sort, tail, and uniq now support traditional usage like 'sort +2' and 'tail +10' on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2008 and later. The 2008 edition of POSIX dropped the requirement that arguments like '+2' must be treated as file names. ** Improvements dd now warns about counts specified with a 0x "prefix", since dd will interpret those as a zero multiplier rather than a hex constant. The warning suggests to use 00x if a zero multiplier is really intended. df now filters the system mount list more efficiently, with 20000 mount entries now being processed in about 1.1s compared to 1.7s. du, shuf, sort, and uniq no longer fail to process a specified file when their stdin is closed, which would have happened with glibc >= 2.14. install -Z now also sets the default SELinux context for created directories. ls is now fully responsive to signals until the first escape sequence is written to a terminal. ls now aligns quoted items with non quoted items, which is easier to read, and also better indicates that the quote is not part of the actual name. stat and tail now know about these file systems: "balloon-kvm-fs" KVM dynamic RAM allocation support, "cgroup2" Linux Control Groups V2 support, "daxfs" Optical media file system, "m1fs" A Plexistor file system, "prl_fs" A parallels file system, "smb2" Samba for SMB protocol V2, "wslfs" Windows Subsystem for Linux, "zsmalloc" Linux compressed swap support, stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f uses polling for "prl_fs" and "smb2", and inotify for others. stat --format=%N for quoting file names now honors the same QUOTING_STYLE environment variable values as ls. ** New programs b2sum is added to support the BLAKE2 digest algorithm with a similar interface to the existing md5sum and sha1sum, etc. commands. ** New Features comm now accepts the --total option to output a summary at the end. date now accepts the --debug option, to annotate the parsed date string, display timezone information, and warn about potential misuse. date now accepts the %q format to output the quarter of the year. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.25 (2016-01-20) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp now correctly copies files with a hole at the end of the file, and extents allocated beyond the apparent size of the file. That combination resulted in the trailing hole not being reproduced. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.10] cut --fields no longer outputs extraneous characters on some uClibc configs. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] install -D again copies relative file names when absolute file names are also specified along with an absolute destination directory name. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.2] ls no longer prematurely wraps lines when printing short file names. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] mv no longer causes data loss due to removing a source directory specified multiple times, when that directory is also specified as the destination. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24] shred again uses defined patterns for all iteration counts. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.93] sort --debug -b now correctly marks the matching extents for keys that specify an offset for the first field. [bug introduced with the --debug feature in coreutils-8.6] tail -F now works with initially non existent files on a remote file system. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** New commands base32 is added to complement the existing base64 command, and encodes and decodes printable text as per RFC 4648. ** New features comm,cut,head,numfmt,paste,tail now have the -z,--zero-terminated option, and tac --separator accepts an empty argument, to work with NUL delimited items. dd now summarizes sizes in --human-readable format too, not just --si. E.g., "3441325000 bytes (3.4 GB, 3.2 GiB) copied". It omits the summaries if they would not provide useful information, e.g., "3 bytes copied". Its status=progress output now uses the same format as ordinary status, perhaps with trailing spaces to erase previous progress output. md5sum now supports the --ignore-missing option to allow verifying a subset of files given a larger list of checksums. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. printf now supports the '%q' format to print arguments in a form that is reusable by most shells, with non-printable characters escaped with the POSIX proposed $'...' syntax. stty now supports the "[-]drain" setting to control whether to wait for transmission of pending output before application of settings. ** Changes in behavior base64 no longer supports hex or oct --wrap parameters, thus better supporting decimals with leading zeros. date --iso-8601 now uses +00:00 timezone format rather than +0000. The standard states to use this "extended" format throughout a timestamp. df now prefers sources towards the root of a device when eliding duplicate bind mounted entries. ls now quotes file names unambiguously and appropriate for use in a shell, when outputting to a terminal. join, sort, uniq with --zero-terminated, now treat '\n' as a field delimiter. ** Improvements All utilities now quote user supplied arguments in error strings, which avoids confusing error messages in the presence of '\r' chars etc. Utilities that traverse directories, like chmod, cp, and rm etc., will operate more efficiently on XFS through the use of "leaf optimization". md5sum now ensures a single line per file for status on standard output, by using a '\' at the start of the line, and replacing any newlines with '\n'. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. dircolors now supports globbing of TERM entries in its database. For example "TERM *256color*" is now supported. du no longer stats all mount points at startup, only doing so upon detection of a directory cycle. [issue introduced in coreutils-8.20] ls -w0 is now interpreted as no limit on the length of the outputted line. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type for new Linux pseudo file systems "bpf_fs", "btrfs_test", "nsfs", "overlayfs" and "tracefs", and remote file system "acfs". wc now ensures a single line per file for counts on standard output, by quoting names containing '\n' characters; appropriate for use in a shell. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.24 (2015-07-03) [stable] ** Bug fixes dd supports more robust SIGINFO/SIGUSR1 handling for outputting statistics. Previously those signals may have inadvertently terminated the process. df --local no longer hangs with inaccessible remote mounts. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.21] du now silently ignores all directory cycles due to bind mounts. Previously it would issue a warning and exit with a failure status. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1 and partially fixed in coreutils-8.23] chroot again calls chroot(DIR) and chdir("/"), even if DIR is "/". This handles separate bind mounted "/" trees, and environments depending on the implicit chdir("/"). [bugs introduced in coreutils-8.23] cp no longer issues an incorrect warning about directory hardlinks when a source directory is specified multiple times. Now, consistent with other file types, a warning is issued for source directories with duplicate names, or with -H the directory is copied again using the symlink name. factor avoids writing partial lines, thus supporting parallel operation. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] head, od, split, tac, tail, and wc no longer mishandle input from files in /proc and /sys file systems that report somewhat-incorrect file sizes. mkdir --parents -Z now correctly sets the context for the last component, even if the parent directory exists and has a different default context. [bug introduced with the -Z restorecon functionality in coreutils-8.22] numfmt no longer outputs incorrect overflowed values seen with certain large numbers, or with numbers with increased precision. [bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21] numfmt now handles leading zeros correctly, not counting them when settings processing limits, and making them optional with floating point. [bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21] paste no longer truncates output for large input files. This would happen for example with files larger than 4GiB on 32 bit systems with a '\n' character at the 4GiB position. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] rm indicates the correct number of arguments in its confirmation prompt, on all platforms. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22] shuf -i with a single redundant operand, would crash instead of issuing a diagnostic. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22] tail releases inotify resources when unused. Previously it could exhaust resources with many files, or with -F if files were replaced many times. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -f again follows changes to a file after it's renamed. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail --follow no longer misses changes to files if those files were replaced before inotify watches were created. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail --follow consistently outputs all data for a truncated file. [bug introduced in the beginning] tail --follow=name correctly outputs headers for multiple files when those files are being created or renamed. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** New features chroot accepts the new --skip-chdir option to not change the working directory to "/" after changing into the chroot(2) jail, thus retaining the current wor- king directory. The new option is only permitted if the new root directory is the old "/", and therefore is useful with the --group and --userspec options. dd accepts a new status=progress level to print data transfer statistics on stderr approximately every second. numfmt can now process multiple fields with field range specifications similar to cut, and supports setting the output precision with the --format option. split accepts a new --separator option to select a record separator character other than the default newline character. stty allows setting the "extproc" option where supported, which is a useful setting with high latency links. sync no longer ignores arguments, and syncs each specified file, or with the --file-system option, the file systems associated with each specified file. tee accepts a new --output-error option to control operation with pipes and output errors in general. ** Changes in behavior df no longer suppresses separate exports of the same remote device, as these are generally explicitly mounted. The --total option does still suppress duplicate remote file systems. [suppression was introduced in coreutils-8.21] mv no longer supports moving a file to a hardlink, instead issuing an error. The implementation was susceptible to races in the presence of multiple mv instances, which could result in both hardlinks being deleted. Also on case insensitive file systems like HFS, mv would just remove a hardlinked 'file' if called like `mv file File`. The feature was added in coreutils-5.0.1. numfmt --from-unit and --to-unit options now interpret suffixes as SI units, and IEC (power of 2) units are now specified by appending 'i'. tee will exit early if there are no more writable outputs. tee does not treat the file operand '-' as meaning standard output any longer, for better conformance to POSIX. This feature was added in coreutils-5.3.0. timeout --foreground no longer sends SIGCONT to the monitored process, which was seen to cause intermittent issues with GDB for example. ** Improvements cp,install,mv will convert smaller runs of NULs in the input to holes, and cp --sparse=always avoids speculative preallocation on XFS for example. cp will read sparse files more efficiently when the destination is a non regular file. For example when copying a disk image to a device node. mv will try a reflink before falling back to a standard copy, which is more efficient when moving files across BTRFS subvolume boundaries. stat and tail now know about IBRIX. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f uses polling for files on IBRIX file systems. wc -l processes short lines much more efficiently. References from --help and the man pages of utilities have been corrected in various cases, and more direct links to the corresponding online documentation are provided. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.23 (2014-07-18) [stable] ** Bug fixes chmod -Rc no longer issues erroneous warnings for files with special bits set. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] cp -a, mv, and install --preserve-context, once again set the correct SELinux context for existing directories in the destination. Previously they set the context of an existing directory to that of its last copied descendant. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22] cp -a, mv, and install --preserve-context, no longer seg fault when running with SELinux enabled, when copying from file systems that return an error when reading the SELinux context for a file. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22] cp -a and mv now preserve xattrs of symlinks copied across file systems. [bug introduced with extended attribute preservation feature in coreutils-7.1] date could crash or go into an infinite loop when parsing a malformed TZ="". [bug introduced with the --date='TZ="" ..' parsing feature in coreutils-5.3.0] dd's ASCII and EBCDIC conversions were incompatible with common practice and with POSIX, and have been corrected as follows. First, conv=ascii now implies conv=unblock, and conv=ebcdic and conv=ibm now imply conv=block. Second, the translation tables for dd conv=ascii and conv=ebcdic have been corrected as shown in the following table, where A is the ASCII value, W is the old, wrong EBCDIC value, and E is the new, corrected EBCDIC value; all values are in octal. A W E 041 117 132 133 112 255 135 132 275 136 137 232 174 152 117 176 241 137 313 232 152 325 255 112 345 275 241 [These dd bugs were present in "the beginning".] df has more fixes related to the newer dynamic representation of file systems: Duplicates are elided for virtual file systems like tmpfs. Details for the correct device are output for points mounted multiple times. Placeholder values are output for inaccessible file systems, rather than than error messages or values for the wrong file system. [These bugs were present in "the beginning".] df now outputs all appropriate entries in the presence of bind mounts. On some systems, entries would have been incorrectly elided due to them being considered "dummy" mounts. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22] du now silently ignores directory cycles introduced with bind mounts. Previously it would issue a warning and exit with a failure status. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] head --bytes=-N and --lines=-N now handles devices more consistently, not ignoring data from virtual devices like /dev/zero, or on BSD systems data from tty devices. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.0.1] head --bytes=-N - no longer fails with a bogus diagnostic when stdin's seek pointer is not at the beginning. [bug introduced with the --bytes=-N feature in coreutils-5.0.1] head --lines=-0, when the input does not contain a trailing '\n', now copies all input to stdout. Previously nothing was output in this case. [bug introduced with the --lines=-N feature in coreutils-5.0.1] id, when invoked with no user name argument, now prints the correct group ID. Previously, in the default output format, it would print the default group ID in the password database, which may be neither real nor effective. For e.g., when run set-GID, or when the database changes outside the current session. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] ln -sf now replaces symbolic links whose targets can't exist. Previously it would display an error, requiring --no-dereference to avoid the issue. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] ln -sr '' F no longer segfaults. Now works as expected. [bug introduced with the --relative feature in coreutils-8.16] numfmt now handles blanks correctly in all unibyte locales. Previously in locales where character 0xA0 is a blank, numfmt would mishandle it. [bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21] ptx --format long option parsing no longer falls through into the --help case. [bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_22i] ptx now consistently trims whitespace when processing multiple files. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] seq again generates correct output with start or end values = -0. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20.] shuf --repeat no longer dumps core if the input is empty. [bug introduced with the --repeat feature in coreutils-8.22] sort when using multiple threads now avoids undefined behavior with mutex destruction, which could cause deadlocks on some implementations. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] tail -f now uses polling mode for VXFS to cater for its clustered mode. [bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5] ** New features od accepts a new option: --endian=TYPE to handle inputs with different byte orders, or to provide consistent output on systems with disparate endianness. configure accepts the new option --enable-single-binary to build all the selected programs in a single binary called "coreutils". The selected programs can still be called directly using symlinks to "coreutils" or shebangs with the option --coreutils-prog= passed to this program. The install behavior is determined by the option --enable-single-binary=symlinks or --enable-single-binary=shebangs (the default). With the symlinks option, you can't make a second symlink to any program because that will change the name of the called program, which is used by coreutils to determine the desired program. The shebangs option doesn't suffer from this problem, but the /proc/$pid/cmdline file might not be updated on all the platforms. The functionality of each program is not affected but this single binary will depend on all the required dynamic libraries even to run simple programs. If you desire to build some tools outside the single binary file, you can pass the option --enable-single-binary-exceptions=PROG_LIST with the comma separated list of programs you want to build separately. This flag considerably reduces the overall size of the installed binaries which makes it suitable for embedded system. ** Changes in behavior chroot with an argument of "/" no longer implicitly changes the current directory to "/", allowing changing only user credentials for a command. chroot --userspec will now unset supplemental groups associated with root, and instead use the supplemental groups of the specified user. cut -d$'\n' again outputs lines identified in the --fields list, having not done so in v8.21 and v8.22. Note using this non portable functionality will result in the delayed output of lines. ls with none of LS_COLORS or COLORTERM environment variables set, will now honor an empty or unknown TERM environment variable, and not output colors even with --colors=always. ** Improvements chroot has better --userspec and --group look-ups, with numeric IDs never causing name look-up errors. Also look-ups are first done outside the chroot, in case the look-up within the chroot fails due to library conflicts etc. install now allows the combination of the -D and -t options. numfmt supports zero padding of numbers using the standard printf syntax of a leading zero, for example --format="%010f". Also throughput was improved by up to 800% by avoiding redundant processing. shred now supports multiple passes on GNU/Linux tape devices by rewinding the tape before each pass, avoids redundant writes to empty files, uses direct I/O for all passes where possible, and attempts to clear inode storage used for small files on some file systems. split avoids unnecessary input buffering, immediately writing input to output which is significant with --filter or when writing to fifos or stdout etc. stat and tail work better with HFS+, HFSX, LogFS and ConfigFS. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f now uses inotify, rather than the default of issuing a warning and reverting to polling. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.22 (2013-12-13) [stable] ** Bug fixes df now processes the mount list correctly in the presence of unstatable mount points. Previously it may have failed to output some mount points. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.21] df now processes symbolic links and relative paths to special files containing a mounted file system correctly. Previously df displayed the statistics about the file system the file is stored on rather than the one inside. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] df now processes disk device nodes correctly in the presence of bind mounts. Now df shows the base mounted file system rather than the last one mounted. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] install now removes the target file if the strip program failed for any reason. Before, that file was left behind, sometimes even with wrong permissions. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] ln --relative now updates existing symlinks correctly. Previously it based the relative link on the dereferenced path of an existing link. [This bug was introduced when --relative was added in coreutils-8.16.] ls --recursive will no longer exit with "serious" exit code (2), if there is an error reading a directory not specified on the command line. [Bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod now work better when creating a file in a directory with a default ACL whose umask disagrees with the process's umask, on a system such as GNU/Linux where directory ACL umasks override process umasks. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] mv will now replace empty directories in the destination with directories from the source, when copying across file systems. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] od -wN with N larger than 64K on a system with 32-bit size_t would print approximately 2*N bytes of extraneous padding. [Bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] rm -I now prompts for confirmation before removing a write protected file. [Bug introduced in coreutils-6.8] shred once again uses direct I/O on systems requiring aligned buffers. Also direct I/O failures for odd sized writes at end of file are now handled. [The "last write" bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0 but masked by the alignment bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] tail --retry -f now waits for the files specified to appear. Before, tail would immediately exit when such a file is initially inaccessible. [This bug was introduced when inotify support was added in coreutils-7.5] tail -F has improved handling of symlinks. Previously tail didn't respond to the symlink target (re)appearing after being (re)created. [This bug was introduced when inotify support was added in coreutils-7.5] ** New features cp, install, mkdir, mknod, mkfifo and mv now support "restorecon" functionality through the -Z option, to set the SELinux context appropriate for the new item location in the file system. csplit accepts a new option: --suppressed-matched, to elide the lines used to identify the split points. df --output now accepts a 'file' field, to propagate a specified command line argument through to the output. du accepts a new option: --inodes to show the number of inodes instead of the blocks used. id accepts a new option: --zero (-z) to delimit the output entries by a NUL instead of a white space character. id and ls with -Z report the SMACK security context where available. mkdir, mkfifo and mknod with --context set the SMACK context where available. id can now lookup by user ID, in addition to the existing name lookup. join accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z). As with the sort,uniq option of the same name, this makes join consume and produce NUL-terminated lines rather than newline-terminated lines. uniq accepts a new option: --group to print all items, while separating unique groups with empty lines. shred accepts new parameters to the --remove option to give greater control over that operation, which can greatly reduce sync overhead. shuf accepts a new option: --repeat (-r), which can repeat items in the output. ** Changes in behavior cp --link now dereferences a symbolic link as source before creating the hard link in the destination unless the -P,--no-deref option is specified. Previously, it would create a hard link of the symbolic link, even when the dereferencing options -L or -H were specified. cp, install, mkdir, mknod and mkfifo no longer accept an argument to the short -Z option. The --context equivalent still takes an optional argument. dd status=none now suppresses all non fatal diagnostic messages, not just the transfer counts. df no longer accepts the long-obsolescent --megabytes option. stdbuf now requires at least one buffering mode option to be specified, as per the documented interface. ** Improvements base64 encoding throughput for bulk data is increased by about 60%. md5sum can use libcrypto hash routines where allowed to potentially get better performance through using more system specific logic. sha1sum for example has improved throughput by 40% on an i3-2310M. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. stat and tail work better with EFIVARFS, EXOFS, F2FS, HOSTFS, SMACKFS, SNFS and UBIFS. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f now uses inotify for files on all those except SNFS, rather than the default (for unknown file system types) of issuing a warning and reverting to polling. shuf outputs subsets of large inputs much more efficiently. Reservoir sampling is used to limit memory usage based on the number of outputs, rather than the number of inputs. shred increases the default write block size from 12KiB to 64KiB to align with other utilities and reduce the system call overhead. split --line-bytes=SIZE, now only allocates memory as needed rather than allocating SIZE bytes at program start. stty now supports configuring "stick" (mark/space) parity where available. ** Build-related factor now builds on aarch64 based systems [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.21 (2013-02-14) [stable] ** New programs numfmt: reformat numbers ** New features df now accepts the --output[=FIELD_LIST] option to define the list of columns to include in the output, or all available columns if the FIELD_LIST is omitted. Note this enables df to output both block and inode fields together. du now accepts the --threshold=SIZE option to restrict the output to entries with such a minimum SIZE (or a maximum SIZE if it is negative). du recognizes -t SIZE as equivalent, for compatibility with FreeBSD. timeout now accepts the --preserve-status option to always propagate the exit status, useful for commands that can run for an indeterminate amount of time. ** Bug fixes cp --no-preserve=mode now no longer exits non-zero. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] cut with a range like "N-" no longer allocates N/8 bytes. That buffer would never be used, and allocation failure could cause cut to fail. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.10] cut no longer accepts the invalid range 0-, which made it print empty lines. Instead, cut now fails and emits an appropriate diagnostic. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] cut now handles overlapping to-EOL ranges properly. Before, it would interpret "-b2-,3-" like "-b3-". Now it's treated like "-b2-". [This bug was present in "the beginning".] cut no longer prints extraneous delimiters when a to-EOL range subsumes another range. Before, "echo 123|cut --output-delim=: -b2-,3" would print "2:3". Now it prints "23". [bug introduced in 5.3.0] cut -f no longer inspects input line N+1 before fully outputting line N, which avoids delayed output for intermittent input. [bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_8b] factor no longer loops infinitely on 32 bit powerpc or sparc systems. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] install -m M SOURCE DEST no longer has a race condition where DEST's permissions are temporarily derived from SOURCE instead of from M. pr -n no longer crashes when passed values >= 32. Also, line numbers are consistently padded with spaces, rather than with zeros for certain widths. [bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_22i] seq -w ensures that for numbers input in scientific notation, the output numbers are properly aligned and of the correct width. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] seq -w ensures correct alignment when the step value includes a precision while the start value does not, and the number sequence narrows. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] seq -s no longer prints an erroneous newline after the first number, and outputs a newline after the last number rather than a trailing separator. Also seq no longer ignores a specified step value when the end value is 1. [bugs introduced in coreutils-8.20] timeout now ensures that blocking of ALRM signals is not inherited from its parent, which would cause timeouts to be ignored. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] ** Changes in behavior df --total now prints '-' into the target column (mount point) of the summary line, accommodating the --output option where the target field can be in any column. If there is no source column, then df prints 'total' in the target column. df now properly outputs file system information with bind mounts present on the system by skipping duplicate entries (identified by the device number). Consequently, df also elides the early-boot pseudo file system type "rootfs". cut -d$'\n' no longer outputs lines identified in the --fields list, to align with other implementations and to avoid delayed output of lines. nl no longer supports the --page-increment option, which has been deprecated since coreutils-7.5. Use --line-increment instead. ** Improvements readlink now supports multiple arguments, and a complementary -z, --zero option to delimit output items with the NUL character. stat and tail now know about CEPH. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f uses polling for files on CEPH file systems. stty now supports configuring DTR/DSR hardware flow control where available. ** Build-related Perl is now more of a prerequisite. It has long been required in order to run (not skip) a significant percentage of the tests. Now, it is also required in order to generate proper man pages, via help2man. The generated man/*.1 man pages are no longer distributed. Building without perl, you would create stub man pages. Thus, while perl is not an official prerequisite (build and "make check" will still succeed), any resulting man pages would be inferior. In addition, this fixes a bug in distributed (not from clone) Makefile.in that could cause parallel build failure when building from modified sources, as is common practice for a patched distribution package. factor now builds on x86_64 with x32 ABI, 32 bit MIPS, and all HPPA systems, by avoiding incompatible asm. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] A root-only test predicate would always fail. Its job was to determine whether our dummy user, $NON_ROOT_USERNAME, was able to run binaries from the build directory. As a result, all dependent tests were always skipped. Now, those tests may be run once again. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.20 (2012-10-23) [stable] ** New features dd now accepts 'status=none' to suppress all informational output. md5sum now accepts the --tag option to print BSD-style output with GNU file name escaping. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. ** Bug fixes cp could read from freed memory and could even make corrupt copies. This could happen with a very fragmented and sparse input file, on GNU/Linux file systems supporting fiemap extent scanning. This bug also affects mv when it resorts to copying, and install. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.11] cp --no-preserve=mode now no longer preserves the original file's permissions but correctly sets mode specified by 0666 & ~umask du no longer emits a "disk-corrupted"-style diagnostic when it detects a directory cycle that is due to a bind-mounted directory. Instead, it detects this precise type of cycle, diagnoses it as such and eventually exits nonzero. factor (when using gmp) would mistakenly declare some composite numbers to be prime, e.g., 465658903, 2242724851, 6635692801 and many more. The fix makes factor somewhat slower (~25%) for ranges of consecutive numbers, and up to 8 times slower for some worst-case individual numbers. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0, with GNU MP support] ls now correctly colors dangling symlinks when listing their containing directories, with orphaned symlink coloring disabled in LS_COLORS. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.14] rm -i -d now prompts the user then removes an empty directory, rather than ignoring the -d option and failing with an 'Is a directory' error. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.19, with the addition of --dir (-d)] rm -r S/ (where S is a symlink-to-directory) no longer gives the invalid "Too many levels of symbolic links" diagnostic. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] seq now handles arbitrarily long non-negative whole numbers when the increment is 1 and when no format-changing option is specified. Before, this would infloop: b=100000000000000000000; seq $b $b [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] ** Changes in behavior nproc now diagnoses with an error, non option command line parameters. ** Improvements factor's core has been rewritten for speed and increased range. It can now factor numbers up to 2^128, even without GMP support. Its speed is from a few times better (for small numbers) to over 10,000 times better (just below 2^64). The new code also runs a deterministic primality test for each prime factor, not just a probabilistic test. seq is now up to 70 times faster than it was in coreutils-8.19 and prior, but only with non-negative whole numbers, an increment of 1, and no format-changing options. stat and tail know about ZFS, VZFS and VMHGFS. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f now uses inotify for files on ZFS and VZFS file systems, rather than the default (for unknown file system types) of issuing a warning and reverting to polling. tail -f still uses polling for files on VMHGFS file systems. ** Build-related root-only tests now check for permissions of our dummy user, $NON_ROOT_USERNAME, before trying to run binaries from the build directory. Before, we would get hard-to-diagnose reports of failing root-only tests. Now, those tests are skipped with a useful diagnostic when the root tests are run without following the instructions in README. We now build most directories using non-recursive make rules. I.e., rather than running make in man/, lib/, src/, tests/, instead, the top level Makefile.am includes a $dir/local.mk that describes how to build the targets in the corresponding directory. Two directories remain unconverted: po/, gnulib-tests/. One nice side-effect is that the more accurate dependencies have eliminated a nagging occasional failure that was seen when running parallel "make syntax-check". * Noteworthy changes in release 8.19 (2012-08-20) [stable] ** Bug fixes df now fails when the list of mounted file systems (/etc/mtab) cannot be read, yet the file system type information is needed to process certain options like -a, -l, -t and -x. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] sort -u could fail to output one or more result lines. For example, this command would fail to print "1": (yes 7 | head -11; echo 1) | sort --p=1 -S32b -u [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] sort -u could read freed memory. For example, this evokes a read from freed memory: perl -le 'print "a\n"."0"x900'|valgrind sort --p=1 -S32b -u>/dev/null [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] ** New features rm now accepts the --dir (-d) option which makes it remove empty directories. Since removing empty directories is relatively safe, this option can be used as a part of the alias rm='rm --dir'. This improves compatibility with Mac OS X and BSD systems which also honor the -d option. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.18 (2012-08-12) [stable] ** Bug fixes cksum now prints checksums atomically so that concurrent processes will not intersperse their output. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] date -d "$(printf '\xb0')" would print 00:00:00 with today's date rather than diagnosing the invalid input. Now it reports this: date: invalid date '\260' [This bug was present in "the beginning".] df no longer outputs control characters present in the mount point name. Such characters are replaced with '?', so for example, scripts consuming lines output by df, can work reliably. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] df --total now exits with an appropriate diagnostic and error code, when file system --type options do not lead to a processed file system. [This bug dates back to when --total was added in coreutils-7.0] head --lines=-N (-n-N) now resets the read pointer of a seekable input file. This means that "head -n-3" no longer consumes all of its input, and lines not output by head may be processed by other programs. For example, this command now prints the final line, 2, while before it would print nothing: seq 2 > k; (head -n-1 > /dev/null; cat) < k [This bug was present in "the beginning".] ls --color would mis-color relative-named symlinks in / [bug introduced in coreutils-8.17] split now ensures it doesn't overwrite the input file with generated output. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] stat and df now report the correct file system usage, in all situations on GNU/Linux, by correctly determining the block size. [df bug since coreutils-5.0.91, stat bug since the initial implementation] tail -f no longer tries to use inotify on AUFS or PanFS file systems [you might say this was introduced in coreutils-7.5, along with inotify support, but even now, its magic number isn't in the usual place.] ** New features stat -f recognizes the new remote file system types: aufs, panfs. ** Changes in behavior su: this program has been removed. We stopped installing "su" by default with the release of coreutils-6.9.90 on 2007-12-01. Now, that the util-linux package has the union of the Suse and Fedora patches as well as enough support to build on the Hurd, we no longer have any reason to include it here. ** Improvements sort avoids redundant processing in the presence of inaccessible inputs, or unwritable output. Sort now diagnoses certain errors at start-up, rather than after potentially expensive processing. sort now allocates no more than 75% of physical memory by default, to better share system resources, and thus operate more efficiently. [The default max memory usage changed from 50% to 100% in coreutils-8.16] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.17 (2012-05-10) [stable] ** Bug fixes id and groups, when invoked with no user name argument, would print the default group ID listed in the password database, and sometimes that ID would be neither real nor effective. For example, when run set-GID, or in a session for which the default group has just been changed, the new group ID would be listed, even though it is not yet effective. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] cp S D is no longer subject to a race: if an existing D were removed between the initial stat and subsequent open-without-O_CREATE, cp would fail with a confusing diagnostic saying that the destination, D, was not found. Now, in this unusual case, it retries the open (but with O_CREATE), and hence usually succeeds. With NFS attribute caching, the condition was particularly easy to trigger, since there, the removal of D could precede the initial stat. [This bug was present in "the beginning".] split --number=C /dev/null no longer appears to infloop on GNU/Hurd [bug introduced in coreutils-8.8] stat no longer reports a negative file size as a huge positive number. [bug present since 'stat' was introduced in fileutils-4.1.9] ** New features split and truncate now allow any seekable files in situations where the file size is needed, instead of insisting on regular files. fmt now accepts the --goal=WIDTH (-g) option. stat -f recognizes new file system types: bdevfs, inodefs, qnx6 ** Changes in behavior cp,mv,install,cat,split: now read and write a minimum of 64KiB at a time. This was previously 32KiB and increasing to 64KiB was seen to increase throughput by about 10% when reading cached files on 64 bit GNU/Linux. cp --attributes-only no longer truncates any existing destination file, allowing for more general copying of attributes from one file to another. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.16 (2012-03-26) [stable] ** New features As a GNU extension, 'chmod', 'mkdir', and 'install' now accept operators '-', '+', '=' followed by octal modes; for example, 'chmod +40 FOO' enables and 'chmod -40 FOO' disables FOO's group-read permissions. Operator numeric modes can be combined with symbolic modes by separating them with commas; for example, =0,u+r clears all permissions except for enabling user-read permissions. Unlike ordinary numeric modes, operator numeric modes do not preserve directory setuid and setgid bits; for example, 'chmod =0 FOO' clears all of FOO's permissions, including setuid and setgid. Also, ordinary numeric modes with five or more digits no longer preserve setuid and setgid bits, so that 'chmod 00755 FOO' now clears FOO's setuid and setgid bits. This allows scripts to be portable to other systems which lack the GNU extension mentioned previously, and where ordinary numeric modes do not preserve directory setuid and setgid bits. dd now accepts the count_bytes, skip_bytes iflags and the seek_bytes oflag, to more easily allow processing portions of a file. dd now accepts the conv=sparse flag to attempt to create sparse output, by seeking rather than writing to the output file. ln now accepts the --relative option, to generate a relative symbolic link to a target, irrespective of how the target is specified. split now accepts an optional "from" argument to --numeric-suffixes, which changes the start number from the default of 0. split now accepts the --additional-suffix option, to append an additional static suffix to output file names. basename now supports the -a and -s options, which allow processing of more than one argument at a time. Also the complementary -z option was added to delimit output items with the NUL character. dirname now supports more than one argument. Also the complementary -z option was added to delimit output items with the NUL character. ** Bug fixes du --one-file-system (-x) would ignore any non-directory specified on the command line. For example, "touch f; du -x f" would print nothing. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.15] mv now lets you move a symlink onto a same-inode destination file that has two or more hard links. Before, it would reject that, saying that they are the same, implicitly warning you that the move would result in data loss. In this unusual case, when not moving the symlink onto its referent, there is no risk of data loss, since the symlink will typically still point to one of the hard links. "mv A B" could succeed, yet A would remain. This would happen only when both A and B were hard links to the same symlink, and with a kernel for which rename("A","B") does nothing and returns 0 (POSIX mandates this surprising rename no-op behavior). Now, mv handles this case by skipping the usually-useless rename and simply unlinking A. realpath no longer mishandles a root directory. This was most noticeable on platforms where // is a different directory than /, but could also be observed with --relative-base=/ or --relative-to=/. [bug since the beginning, in 8.15] ** Improvements ls can be much more efficient, especially with large directories on file systems for which getfilecon-, ACL-check- and XATTR-check-induced syscalls fail with ENOTSUP or similar. 'realpath --relative-base=dir' in isolation now implies '--relative-to=dir' instead of causing a usage failure. split now supports an unlimited number of split files as default behavior. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.15 (2012-01-06) [stable] ** New programs realpath: print resolved file names. ** Bug fixes du -x no longer counts root directories of other file systems. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] ls --color many-entry-directory was uninterruptible for too long [bug introduced in coreutils-5.2.1] ls's -k option no longer affects how ls -l outputs file sizes. It now affects only the per-directory block counts written by -l, and the sizes written by -s. This is for compatibility with BSD and with POSIX 2008. Because -k is no longer equivalent to --block-size=1KiB, a new long option --kibibyte stands for -k. [bug introduced in coreutils-4.5.4] ls -l would leak a little memory (security context string) for each nonempty directory listed on the command line, when using SELinux. [bug probably introduced in coreutils-6.10 with SELinux support] rm -rf DIR would fail with "Device or resource busy" on Cygwin with NWFS and NcFsd file systems. This did not affect Unix/Linux-based kernels. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0, when rm began using fts] split -n 1/2 FILE no longer fails when operating on a growing file, or (on some systems) when operating on a non-regular file like /dev/zero. It would report "/dev/zero: No such file or directory" even though the file obviously exists. Same for -n l/2. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.8, with the addition of the -n option] stat -f now recognizes the FhGFS and PipeFS file system types. tac no longer fails to handle two or more non-seekable inputs [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] tail -f no longer tries to use inotify on GPFS or FhGFS file systems [you might say this was introduced in coreutils-7.5, along with inotify support, but the new magic numbers weren't in the usual places then.] ** Changes in behavior df avoids long UUID-including file system names in the default listing. With recent enough kernel/tools, these long names would be used, pushing second and subsequent columns far to the right. Now, when a long name refers to a symlink, and no file systems are specified, df prints the usually-short referent instead. tail -f now uses polling (not inotify) when any of its file arguments resides on a file system of unknown type. In addition, for each such argument, tail -f prints a warning with the FS type magic number and a request to report it to the bug-reporting address. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.14 (2011-10-12) [stable] ** Bug fixes ls --dereference no longer outputs erroneous "argetm" strings for dangling symlinks when an 'ln=target' entry is in $LS_COLORS. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0] ls -lL symlink once again properly prints "+" when the referent has an ACL. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.13] sort -g no longer infloops for certain inputs containing NaNs [bug introduced in coreutils-8.5] ** Improvements md5sum --check now supports the -r format from the corresponding BSD tool. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. pwd now works also on systems without openat. On such systems, pwd would fail when run from a directory whose absolute name contained more than PATH_MAX / 3 components. The df, stat and readlink programs are also affected due to their use of the canonicalize_* functions. ** Changes in behavior timeout now only processes the first signal received from the set it is handling (SIGTERM, SIGINT, ...). This is to support systems that implicitly create threads for some timer functions (like GNU/kFreeBSD). ** Build-related "make dist" no longer builds .tar.gz files. xz is portable enough and in wide-enough use that distributing only .tar.xz files is enough. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.13 (2011-09-08) [stable] ** Bug fixes chown and chgrp with the -v --from= options, now output the correct owner. I.e., for skipped files, the original ownership is output, not the new one. [bug introduced in sh-utils-2.0g] cp -r could mistakenly change the permissions of an existing destination directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.8] cp -u -p would fail to preserve one hard link for each up-to-date copy of a src-hard-linked name in the destination tree. I.e., if s/a and s/b are hard-linked and dst/s/a is up to date, "cp -up s dst" would copy s/b to dst/s/b rather than simply linking dst/s/b to dst/s/a. [This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning".] fts-using tools (rm, du, chmod, chgrp, chown, chcon) no longer use memory proportional to the number of entries in each directory they process. Before, rm -rf 4-million-entry-directory would consume about 1GiB of memory. Now, it uses less than 30MB, no matter how many entries there are. [this bug was inherent in the use of fts: thus, for rm the bug was introduced in coreutils-8.0. The prior implementation of rm did not use as much memory. du, chmod, chgrp and chown started using fts in 6.0. chcon was added in coreutils-6.9.91 with fts support. ] pr -T no longer ignores a specified LAST_PAGE to stop at. [bug introduced in textutils-1.19q] printf '%d' '"' no longer accesses out-of-bounds memory in the diagnostic. [bug introduced in sh-utils-1.16] split --number l/... no longer creates extraneous files in certain cases. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.8] timeout now sends signals to commands that create their own process group. timeout is no longer confused when starting off with a child process. [bugs introduced in coreutils-7.0] unexpand -a now aligns correctly when there are spaces spanning a tabstop, followed by a tab. In that case a space was dropped, causing misalignment. We also now ensure that a space never precedes a tab. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] ** Changes in behavior chmod, chown and chgrp now output the original attributes in messages, when -v or -c specified. cp -au (where --preserve=links is implicit) may now replace newer files in the destination, to mirror hard links from the source. ** New features date now accepts ISO 8601 date-time strings with "T" as the separator. It has long parsed dates like "2004-02-29 16:21:42" with a space between the date and time strings. Now it also parses "2004-02-29T16:21:42" and fractional-second and time-zone-annotated variants like "2004-02-29T16:21:42.333-07:00" md5sum accepts the new --strict option. With --check, it makes the tool exit non-zero for any invalid input line, rather than just warning. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. split accepts a new --filter=CMD option. With it, split filters output through CMD. CMD may use the $FILE environment variable, which is set to the nominal output file name for each invocation of CMD. For example, to split a file into 3 approximately equal parts, which are then compressed: split -n3 --filter='xz > $FILE.xz' big Note the use of single quotes, not double quotes. That creates files named xaa.xz, xab.xz and xac.xz. timeout accepts a new --foreground option, to support commands not started directly from a shell prompt, where the command is interactive or needs to receive signals initiated from the terminal. ** Improvements cp -p now copies trivial NSFv4 ACLs on Solaris 10. Before, it would mistakenly apply a non-trivial ACL to the destination file. cp and ls now support HP-UX 11.11's ACLs, thanks to improved support in gnulib. df now supports disk partitions larger than 4 TiB on MacOS X 10.5 or newer and on AIX 5.2 or newer. join --check-order now prints "join: FILE:LINE_NUMBER: bad_line" for an unsorted input, rather than e.g., "join: file 1 is not in sorted order". shuf outputs small subsets of large permutations much more efficiently. For example 'shuf -i1-$((2**32-1)) -n2' no longer exhausts memory. stat -f now recognizes the GPFS, MQUEUE and PSTOREFS file system types. timeout now supports sub-second timeouts. ** Build-related Changes inherited from gnulib address a build failure on HP-UX 11.11 when using /opt/ansic/bin/cc. Numerous portability and build improvements inherited via gnulib. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.12 (2011-04-26) [stable] ** Bug fixes tail's --follow=name option no longer implies --retry on systems with inotify support. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** Changes in behavior cp's extent-based (FIEMAP) copying code is more reliable in the face of varying and undocumented file system semantics: - it no longer treats unwritten extents specially - a FIEMAP-based extent copy always uses the FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC flag. Before, it would incur the performance penalty of that sync only for 2.6.38 and older kernels. We thought all problems would be resolved for 2.6.39. - it now attempts a FIEMAP copy only on a file that appears sparse. Sparse files are relatively unusual, and the copying code incurs the performance penalty of the now-mandatory sync only for them. ** Portability dd once again compiles on AIX 5.1 and 5.2 * Noteworthy changes in release 8.11 (2011-04-13) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -a --link would not create a hardlink to a symlink, instead copying the symlink and then not preserving its timestamp. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] cp now avoids FIEMAP issues with BTRFS before Linux 2.6.38, which could result in corrupt copies of sparse files. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.10] cut could segfault when invoked with a user-specified output delimiter and an unbounded range like "-f1234567890-". [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] du would infloop when given --files0-from=DIR [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] sort no longer spawns 7 worker threads to sort 16 lines [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] touch built on Solaris 9 would segfault when run on Solaris 10 [bug introduced in coreutils-8.8] wc would dereference a NULL pointer upon an early out-of-memory error [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] ** New features dd now accepts the 'nocache' flag to the iflag and oflag options, which will discard any cache associated with the files, or processed portion thereof. dd now warns that 'iflag=fullblock' should be used, in various cases where partial reads can cause issues. ** Changes in behavior cp now avoids syncing files when possible, when doing a FIEMAP copy. The sync is only needed on Linux kernels before 2.6.39. [The sync was introduced in coreutils-8.10] cp now copies empty extents efficiently, when doing a FIEMAP copy. It no longer reads the zero bytes from the input, and also can efficiently create a hole in the output file when --sparse=always is specified. df now aligns columns consistently, and no longer wraps entries with longer device identifiers, over two lines. install now rejects its long-deprecated --preserve_context option. Use --preserve-context instead. test now accepts "==" as a synonym for "=" * Noteworthy changes in release 8.10 (2011-02-04) [stable] ** Bug fixes du would abort with a failed assertion when two conditions are met: part of the hierarchy being traversed is moved to a higher level in the directory tree, and there is at least one more command line directory argument following the one containing the moved sub-tree. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] join --header now skips the ordering check for the first line even if the other file is empty. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.5] join -v2 now ensures the default output format prints the match field at the start of the line when it is different to the match field for the first file. [bug present in "the beginning".] rm -f no longer fails for EINVAL or EILSEQ on file systems that reject file names invalid for that file system. uniq -f NUM no longer tries to process fields after end of line. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] ** New features cp now copies sparse files efficiently on file systems with FIEMAP support (ext4, btrfs, xfs, ocfs2). Before, it had to read 2^20 bytes when copying a 1MiB sparse file. Now, it copies bytes only for the non-sparse sections of a file. Similarly, to induce a hole in the output file, it had to detect a long sequence of zero bytes. Now, it knows precisely where each hole in an input file is, and can reproduce them efficiently in the output file. mv also benefits when it resorts to copying, e.g., between file systems. join now supports -o 'auto' which will automatically infer the output format from the first line in each file, to ensure the same number of fields are output for each line. ** Changes in behavior join no longer reports disorder when one of the files is empty. This allows one to use join as a field extractor like: join -a1 -o 1.3,1.1 - /dev/null * Noteworthy changes in release 8.9 (2011-01-04) [stable] ** Bug fixes split no longer creates files with a suffix length that is dependent on the number of bytes or lines per file. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.8] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.8 (2010-12-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -u no longer does unnecessary copying merely because the source has finer-grained timestamps than the destination. od now prints floating-point numbers without losing information, and it no longer omits spaces between floating-point columns in some cases. sort -u with at least two threads could attempt to read through a corrupted pointer. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] sort with at least two threads and with blocked output would busy-loop (spinlock) all threads, often using 100% of available CPU cycles to do no work. I.e., "sort < big-file | less" could waste a lot of power. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] sort with at least two threads no longer segfaults due to use of pointers into the stack of an expired thread. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6] sort --compress no longer mishandles subprocesses' exit statuses, no longer hangs indefinitely due to a bug in waiting for subprocesses, and no longer generates many more than NMERGE subprocesses. sort -m -o f f ... f no longer dumps core when file descriptors are limited. ** Changes in behavior sort will not create more than 8 threads by default due to diminishing performance gains. Also the --parallel option is no longer restricted to the number of available processors. ** New features split accepts the --number/-n option to generate a specific number of files, as well as the --elide-empty-files/-e and --unbuffered/-u options to fine-tune the resulting output. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.7 (2010-11-13) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp, install, mv, and touch no longer crash when setting file times on Solaris 10 Update 9 [Solaris PatchID 144488 and newer expose a latent bug introduced in coreutils 8.1, and possibly a second latent bug going at least as far back as coreutils 5.97] csplit no longer corrupts heap when writing more than 999 files, nor does it leak memory for every chunk of input processed [the bugs were present in the initial implementation] tail -F once again notices changes in a currently unavailable remote directory [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** Changes in behavior cp --attributes-only now completely overrides --reflink. Previously a reflink was needlessly attempted. stat's %X, %Y, and %Z directives once again print only the integer part of seconds since the epoch. This reverts a change from coreutils-8.6, that was deemed unnecessarily disruptive. To obtain a nanosecond-precision timestamp for %X use %.X; if you want (say) just 3 fractional digits, use %.3X. Likewise for %Y and %Z. stat's new %W format directive would print floating point seconds. However, with the above change to %X, %Y and %Z, we've made %W work the same way as the others. stat gained support for several printf-style flags, such as %'s for listing sizes with the current locale's thousands separator. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.6 (2010-10-15) [stable] ** Bug fixes du no longer multiply counts a file that is a directory or whose link count is 1, even if the file is reached multiple times by following symlinks or via multiple arguments. du -H and -L now consistently count pointed-to files instead of symbolic links, and correctly diagnose dangling symlinks. du --ignore=D now ignores directory D even when that directory is found to be part of a directory cycle. Before, du would issue a "NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER" diagnostic and fail. split now diagnoses read errors rather than silently exiting. [bug introduced in coreutils-4.5.8] tac would perform a double-free when given an input line longer than 16KiB. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.3] tail -F once again notices changes in a currently unavailable directory, and works around a Linux kernel bug where inotify runs out of resources. [bugs introduced in coreutils-7.5] tr now consistently handles case conversion character classes. In some locales, valid conversion specifications caused tr to abort, while in all locales, some invalid specifications were undiagnosed. [bugs introduced in coreutils 6.9.90 and 6.9.92] ** New features cp now accepts the --attributes-only option to not copy file data, which is useful for efficiently modifying files. du recognizes -d N as equivalent to --max-depth=N, for compatibility with FreeBSD. sort now accepts the --debug option, to highlight the part of the line significant in the sort, and warn about questionable options. sort now supports -d, -f, -i, -R, and -V in any combination. stat now accepts the %m format directive to output the mount point for a file. It also accepts the %w and %W format directives for outputting the birth time of a file, if one is available. ** Changes in behavior df now consistently prints the device name for a bind mounted file, rather than its aliased target. du now uses less than half as much memory when operating on trees with many hard-linked files. With --count-links (-l), or when operating on trees with no hard-linked files, there is no change. ls -l now uses the traditional three field time style rather than the wider two field numeric ISO style, in locales where a style has not been specified. The new approach has nicer behavior in some locales, including English, which was judged to outweigh the disadvantage of generating less-predictable and often worse output in poorly-configured locales where there is an onus to specify appropriate non-default styles. [The old behavior was introduced in coreutils-6.0 and had been removed for English only using a different method since coreutils-8.1] rm's -d now evokes an error; before, it was silently ignored. sort -g now uses long doubles for greater range and precision. sort -h no longer rejects numbers with leading or trailing ".", and no longer accepts numbers with multiple ".". It now considers all zeros to be equal. sort now uses the number of available processors to parallelize the sorting operation. The number of sorts run concurrently can be limited with the --parallel option or with external process control like taskset for example. stat now provides translated output when no format is specified. stat no longer accepts the --context (-Z) option. Initially it was merely accepted and ignored, for compatibility. Starting two years ago, with coreutils-7.0, its use evoked a warning. Printing the SELinux context of a file can be done with the %C format directive, and the default output when no format is specified now automatically includes %C when context information is available. stat no longer accepts the %C directive when the --file-system option is in effect, since security context is a file attribute rather than a file system attribute. stat now outputs the full sub-second resolution for the atime, mtime, and ctime values since the Epoch, when using the %X, %Y, and %Z directives of the --format option. This matches the fact that %x, %y, and %z were already doing so for the human-readable variant. touch's --file option is no longer recognized. Use --reference=F (-r) instead. --file has not been documented for 15 years, and its use has elicited a warning since coreutils-7.1. truncate now supports setting file sizes relative to a reference file. Also errors are no longer suppressed for unsupported file types, and relative sizes are restricted to supported file types. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.5 (2010-04-23) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp and mv once again support preserving extended attributes. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.4] cp now preserves "capabilities" when also preserving file ownership. ls --color once again honors the 'NORMAL' dircolors directive. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] sort -M now handles abbreviated months that are aligned using blanks in the locale database. Also locales with 8 bit characters are handled correctly, including multi byte locales with the caveat that multi byte characters are matched case sensitively. sort again handles obsolescent key formats (+POS -POS) correctly. Previously if -POS was specified, 1 field too many was used in the sort. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.2] ** New features join now accepts the --header option, to treat the first line of each file as a header line to be joined and printed unconditionally. timeout now accepts the --kill-after option which sends a kill signal to the monitored command if it's still running the specified duration after the initial signal was sent. who: the "+/-" --mesg (-T) indicator of whether a user/tty is accepting messages could be incorrectly listed as "+", when in fact, the user was not accepting messages (mesg no). Before, who would examine only the permission bits, and not consider the group of the TTY device file. Thus, if a login tty's group would change somehow e.g., to "root", that would make it unwritable (via write(1)) by normal users, in spite of whatever the permission bits might imply. Now, when configured using the --with-tty-group[=NAME] option, who also compares the group of the TTY device with NAME (or "tty" if no group name is specified). ** Changes in behavior ls --color no longer emits the final 3-byte color-resetting escape sequence when it would be a no-op. join -t '' no longer emits an error and instead operates on each line as a whole (even if they contain NUL characters). * Noteworthy changes in release 8.4 (2010-01-13) [stable] ** Bug fixes nproc --all is now guaranteed to be as large as the count of available processors, which may not have been the case on GNU/Linux systems with neither /proc nor /sys available. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] ** Build-related Work around a build failure when using buggy . Alternatively, configure with --disable-libcap. Compilation would fail on systems using glibc-2.7..2.9 due to changes in gnulib's wchar.h that tickled a bug in at least those versions of glibc's own header. Now, gnulib works around the bug in those older glibc headers. Building would fail with a link error (cp/copy.o) when XATTR headers were installed without the corresponding library. Now, configure detects that and disables xattr support, as one would expect. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.3 (2010-01-07) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -p, install -p, mv, and touch -c could trigger a spurious error message when using new glibc coupled with an old kernel. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.12]. ls -l --color no longer prints "argetm" in front of dangling symlinks when the 'LINK target' directive was given to dircolors. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0] pr's page header was improperly formatted for long file names. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.2] rm -r --one-file-system works once again. The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby a commmand of the above form would fail for all subdirectories. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] stat -f recognizes more file system types: k-afs, fuseblk, gfs/gfs2, ocfs2, and rpc_pipefs. Also Minix V3 is displayed correctly as minix3, not minux3. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] tail -f (inotify-enabled) once again works with remote files. The use of inotify with remote files meant that any changes to those files that was not done from the local system would go unnoticed. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) would abort when a tailed file is repeatedly renamed-aside and then recreated. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) could fail to follow renamed files. E.g., given a "tail -F a b" process, running "mv a b" would make tail stop tracking additions to "b". [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] touch -a and touch -m could trigger bugs in some file systems, such as xfs or ntfs-3g, and fail to update timestamps. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] wc now prints counts atomically so that concurrent processes will not intersperse their output. [the issue dates back to the initial implementation] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.2 (2009-12-11) [stable] ** Bug fixes id's use of mgetgroups no longer writes beyond the end of a malloc'd buffer [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] id no longer crashes on systems without supplementary group support. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] rm once again handles zero-length arguments properly. The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby a command like "rm a '' b" would fail to remove "a" and "b", due to the presence of the empty string argument. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] sort is now immune to the signal handling of its parent. Specifically sort now doesn't exit with an error message if it uses helper processes for compression and its parent ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9] tail without -f no longer accesses uninitialized memory [bug introduced in coreutils-7.6] timeout is now immune to the signal handling of its parent. Specifically timeout now doesn't exit with an error message if its parent ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.6] a user running "make distcheck" in the coreutils source directory, with TMPDIR unset or set to the name of a world-writable directory, and with a malicious user on the same system was vulnerable to arbitrary code execution [bug introduced in coreutils-5.0] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.1 (2009-11-18) [stable] ** Bug fixes chcon no longer exits immediately just because SELinux is disabled. Even then, chcon may still be useful. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown and du now diagnose an ostensible directory cycle and arrange to exit nonzero. Before, they would silently ignore the offending directory and all "contents." env -u A=B now fails, rather than silently adding A to the environment. Likewise, printenv A=B silently ignores the invalid name. [the bugs date back to the initial implementation] ls --color now handles files with capabilities correctly. Previously files with capabilities were often not colored, and also sometimes, files without capabilites were colored in error. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] md5sum now prints checksums atomically so that concurrent processes will not intersperse their output. This also affected sum, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] mktemp no longer leaves a temporary file behind if it was unable to output the name of the file to stdout. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] nice -n -1 PROGRAM now runs PROGRAM even when its internal setpriority call fails with errno == EACCES. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] nice, nohup, and su now refuse to execute the subsidiary program if they detect write failure in printing an otherwise non-fatal warning message to stderr. stat -f recognizes more file system types: afs, cifs, anon-inode FS, btrfs, cgroupfs, cramfs-wend, debugfs, futexfs, hfs, inotifyfs, minux3, nilfs, securityfs, selinux, xenfs tail -f (inotify-enabled) now avoids a race condition. Before, any data appended in the tiny interval between the initial read-to-EOF and the inotify watch initialization would be ignored initially (until more data was appended), or forever, if the file were first renamed or unlinked or never modified. [The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) now consistently tails a file that has been replaced via renaming. That operation provokes either of two sequences of inotify events. The less common sequence is now handled as well. [The bug came with the implementation change in coreutils-7.5] timeout now doesn't exit unless the command it is monitoring does, for any specified signal. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]. ** Changes in behavior chroot, env, nice, and su fail with status 125, rather than 1, on internal error such as failure to parse command line arguments; this is for consistency with stdbuf and timeout, and avoids ambiguity with the invoked command failing with status 1. Likewise, nohup fails with status 125 instead of 127. du (due to a change in gnulib's fts) can now traverse NFSv4 automounted directories in which the stat'd device number of the mount point differs during a traversal. Before, it would fail, because such a mismatch would usually represent a serious error or a subversion attempt. echo and printf now interpret \e as the Escape character (0x1B). rm -f /read-only-fs/nonexistent now succeeds and prints no diagnostic on systems with an unlinkat syscall that sets errno to EROFS in that case. Before, it would fail with a "Read-only file system" diagnostic. Also, "rm /read-only-fs/nonexistent" now reports "file not found" rather than the less precise "Read-only file system" error. ** New programs nproc: Print the number of processing units available to a process. ** New features env and printenv now accept the option --null (-0), as a means to avoid ambiguity with newlines embedded in the environment. md5sum --check now also accepts openssl-style checksums. So do sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. mktemp now accepts the option --suffix to provide a known suffix after the substitution in the template. Additionally, uses such as "mktemp fileXXXXXX.txt" are able to infer an appropriate --suffix. touch now accepts the option --no-dereference (-h), as a means to change symlink timestamps on platforms with enough support. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.0 (2009-10-06) [beta] ** Bug fixes cp --preserve=xattr and --archive now preserve extended attributes even when the source file doesn't have write access. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] touch -t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] now accepts a timestamp string ending in .60, to accommodate leap seconds. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] ls --color now reverts to the color of a base file type consistently when the color of a more specific type is disabled. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.90] ls -LR exits with status 2, not 0, when it encounters a cycle "ls -is" is now consistent with ls -lis in ignoring values returned from a failed stat/lstat. For example ls -Lis now prints "?", not "0", for the inode number and allocated size of a dereferenced dangling symlink. tail --follow --pid now avoids a race condition where data written just before the process dies might not have been output by tail. Also, tail no longer delays at all when the specified pid is not live. [The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5, and the unnecessary delay was present since textutils-1.22o] ** Portability On Solaris 9, many commands would mistakenly treat file/ the same as file. Now, even on such a system, path resolution obeys the POSIX rules that a trailing slash ensures that the preceding name is a directory or a symlink to a directory. ** Changes in behavior id no longer prints SELinux " context=..." when the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set. readlink -f now ignores a trailing slash when deciding if the last component (possibly via a dangling symlink) can be created, since mkdir will succeed in that case. ** New features ln now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P), added by POSIX 2008. The default behavior is -P on systems like GNU/Linux where link(2) creates hard links to symlinks, and -L on BSD systems where link(2) follows symlinks. stat: without -f, a command-line argument of "-" now means standard input. With --file-system (-f), an argument of "-" is now rejected. If you really must operate on a file named "-", specify it as "./-" or use "--" to separate options from arguments. ** Improvements rm: rewrite to use gnulib's fts This makes rm -rf significantly faster (400-500%) in some pathological cases, and slightly slower (20%) in at least one pathological case. rm -r deletes deep hierarchies more efficiently. Before, execution time was quadratic in the depth of the hierarchy, now it is merely linear. However, this improvement is not as pronounced as might be expected for very deep trees, because prior to this change, for any relative name length longer than 8KiB, rm -r would sacrifice official conformance to avoid the disproportionate quadratic performance penalty. Leading to another improvement: rm -r is now slightly more standards-conformant when operating on write-protected files with relative names longer than 8KiB. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.6 (2009-09-11) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp, mv now ignore failure to preserve a symlink timestamp, when it is due to their running on a kernel older than what was implied by headers and libraries tested at configure time. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] cp --reflink --preserve now preserves attributes when cloning a file. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] cp --preserve=xattr no longer leaks resources on each preservation failure. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] dd now exits with non-zero status when it encounters a write error while printing a summary to stderr. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] dd cbs=N conv=unblock would fail to print a final newline when the size of the input was not a multiple of N bytes. [the non-conforming behavior dates back to the initial implementation] df no longer requires that each command-line argument be readable [bug introduced in coreutils-7.3] ls -i now prints consistent inode numbers also for mount points. This makes ls -i DIR less efficient on systems with dysfunctional readdir, because ls must stat every file in order to obtain a guaranteed-valid inode number. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] tail -f (inotify-enabled) now flushes any initial output before blocking. Before, this would print nothing and wait: stdbuf -o 4K tail -f /etc/passwd Note that this bug affects tail -f only when its standard output is buffered, which is relatively unusual. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -f once again works with standard input. inotify-enabled tail -f would fail when operating on a nameless stdin. I.e., tail -f < /etc/passwd would say "tail: cannot watch `-': No such file or directory", yet the relatively baroque tail -f /dev/stdin < /etc/passwd would work. Now, the offending usage causes tail to revert to its conventional sleep-based (i.e., not inotify-based) implementation. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** Portability ln, link: link f z/ would mistakenly succeed on Solaris 10, given an existing file, f, and nothing named "z". ln -T f z/ has the same problem. Each would mistakenly create "z" as a link to "f". Now, even on such a system, each command reports the error, e.g., link: cannot create link `z/' to `f': Not a directory ** New features cp --reflink accepts a new "auto" parameter which falls back to a standard copy if creating a copy-on-write clone is not possible. ** Changes in behavior tail -f now ignores "-" when stdin is a pipe or FIFO. tail-with-no-args now ignores -f unconditionally when stdin is a pipe or FIFO. Before, it would ignore -f only when no file argument was specified, and then only when POSIXLY_CORRECT was set. Now, :|tail -f - terminates immediately. Before, it would block indefinitely. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.5 (2009-08-20) [stable] ** Bug fixes dd's oflag=direct option now works even when the size of the input is not a multiple of e.g., 512 bytes. dd now handles signals consistently even when they're received before data copying has started. install runs faster again with SELinux enabled [introduced in coreutils-7.0] ls -1U (with two or more arguments, at least one a nonempty directory) would print entry names *before* the name of the containing directory. Also fixed incorrect output of ls -1RU and ls -1sU. [introduced in coreutils-7.0] sort now correctly ignores fields whose ending position is specified before the start position. Previously in numeric mode the remaining part of the line after the start position was used as the sort key. [This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning".] truncate -s failed to skip all whitespace in the option argument in some locales. ** New programs stdbuf: A new program to run a command with modified stdio buffering for its standard streams. ** Changes in behavior ls --color: files with multiple hard links are no longer colored differently by default. That can be enabled by changing the LS_COLORS environment variable. You can control that using the MULTIHARDLINK dircolors input variable which corresponds to the 'mh' LS_COLORS item. Note these variables were renamed from 'HARDLINK' and 'hl' which were available since coreutils-7.1 when this feature was introduced. ** Deprecated options nl --page-increment: deprecated in favor of --line-increment, the new option maintains the previous semantics and the same short option, -i. ** New features chroot now accepts the options --userspec and --groups. cp accepts a new option, --reflink: create a lightweight copy using copy-on-write (COW). This is currently only supported within a btrfs file system. cp now preserves timestamps on symbolic links, when possible sort accepts a new option, --human-numeric-sort (-h): sort numbers while honoring human readable suffixes like KiB and MB etc. tail --follow now uses inotify when possible, to be more responsive to file changes and more efficient when monitoring many files. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.4 (2009-05-07) [stable] ** Bug fixes date -d 'next mon', when run on a Monday, now prints the date 7 days in the future rather than the current day. Same for any other day-of-the-week name, when run on that same day of the week. [This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning". ] date -d tuesday, when run on a Tuesday -- using date built from the 7.3 release tarball, not from git -- would print the date 7 days in the future. Now, it works properly and prints the current date. That was due to human error (including not-committed changes in a release tarball) and the fact that there is no check to detect when the gnulib/ git submodule is dirty. ** Build-related make check: two tests have been corrected ** Portability There have been some ACL-related portability fixes for *BSD, inherited from gnulib. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.3 (2009-05-01) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp now diagnoses failure to preserve selinux/xattr attributes when --preserve=context,xattr is specified in combination with -a. Also, cp no longer suppresses attribute-preservation diagnostics when preserving SELinux context was explicitly requested. ls now aligns output correctly in the presence of abbreviated month names from the locale database that have differing widths. ls -v and sort -V now order names like "#.b#" properly mv: do not print diagnostics when failing to preserve xattr's on file systems without xattr support. sort -m no longer segfaults when its output file is also an input file. E.g., with this, touch 1; sort -m -o 1 1, sort would segfault. [introduced in coreutils-7.2] ** Changes in behavior shred, sort, shuf: now use an internal pseudorandom generator by default. This is mainly noticeable in shred where the 3 random passes it does by default should proceed at the speed of the disk. Previously /dev/urandom was used if available, which is relatively slow on GNU/Linux systems. ** Improved robustness cp would exit successfully after copying less than the full contents of a file larger than ~4000 bytes from a linux-/proc file system to a destination file system with a fundamental block size of 4KiB or greater. Reading into a 4KiB-or-larger buffer, cp's "read" syscall would return a value smaller than 4096, and cp would interpret that as EOF (POSIX allows this). This optimization, now removed, saved 50% of cp's read syscalls when copying small files. Affected linux kernels: at least 2.6.9 through 2.6.29. [the optimization was introduced in coreutils-6.0] ** Portability df now pre-mounts automountable directories even with automounters for which stat-like syscalls no longer provoke mounting. Now, df uses open. 'id -G $USER' now works correctly even on Darwin and NetBSD. Previously it would either truncate the group list to 10, or go into an infinite loop, due to their non-standard getgrouplist implementations. [truncation introduced in coreutils-6.11] [infinite loop introduced in coreutils-7.1] * Noteworthy changes in release 7.2 (2009-03-31) [stable] ** New features pwd now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P). For compatibility with existing scripts, -P is the default behavior unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is requested. ** Bug fixes cat once again immediately outputs data it has processed. Previously it would have been buffered and only output if enough data was read, or on process exit. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] comm's new --check-order option would fail to detect disorder on any pair of lines where one was a prefix of the other. For example, this would fail to report the disorder: printf 'Xb\nX\n'>k; comm --check-order k k [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] cp once again diagnoses the invalid "cp -rl dir dir" right away, rather than after creating a very deep dir/dir/dir/... hierarchy. The bug strikes only with both --recursive (-r, -R) and --link (-l). [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] ls --sort=version (-v) sorted names beginning with "." inconsistently. Now, names that start with "." are always listed before those that don't. pr: fix the bug whereby --indent=N (-o) did not indent header lines [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] sort now handles specified key ends correctly. Previously -k1,1b would have caused leading space from field 2 to be included in the sort while -k2,3.0 would have not included field 3. ** Changes in behavior cat,cp,install,mv,split: these programs now read and write a minimum of 32KiB at a time. This was seen to double throughput when reading cached files on GNU/Linux-based systems. cp -a now tries to preserve extended attributes (xattr), but does not diagnose xattr-preservation failure. However, cp --preserve=all still does. ls --color: hard link highlighting can be now disabled by changing the LS_COLORS environment variable. To disable it you can add something like this to your profile: eval `dircolors | sed s/hl=[^:]*:/hl=:/` * Noteworthy changes in release 7.1 (2009-02-21) [stable] ** New features Add extended attribute support available on certain filesystems like ext2 and XFS. cp: Tries to copy xattrs when --preserve=xattr or --preserve=all specified mv: Always tries to copy xattrs install: Never copies xattrs cp and mv accept a new option, --no-clobber (-n): silently refrain from overwriting any existing destination file dd accepts iflag=cio and oflag=cio to open the file in CIO (concurrent I/O) mode where this feature is available. install accepts a new option, --compare (-C): compare each pair of source and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then do not modify the destination at all. ls --color now highlights hard linked files, too stat -f recognizes the Lustre file system type ** Bug fixes chgrp, chmod, chown --silent (--quiet, -f) no longer print some diagnostics [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1] cp uses much less memory in some situations cp -a now correctly tries to preserve SELinux context (announced in 6.9.90), doesn't inform about failure, unlike with --preserve=all du --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM before processing the first file name seq 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775808 now prints only two numbers on systems with extended long double support and good library support. Even with this patch, on some systems, it still produces invalid output, from 3 to at least 1026 lines long. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] seq -w now accounts for a decimal point added to the last number to correctly print all numbers to the same width. wc --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM, before processing the first file name, unless the list of names is known to be small enough. ** Changes in behavior cp and mv: the --reply={yes,no,query} option has been removed. Using it has elicited a warning for the last three years. dd: user specified offsets that are too big are handled better. Previously, erroneous parameters to skip and seek could result in redundant reading of the file with no warnings or errors. du: -H (initially equivalent to --si) is now equivalent to --dereference-args, and thus works as POSIX requires shred: now does 3 overwrite passes by default rather than 25. ls -l now marks SELinux-only files with the less obtrusive '.', rather than '+'. A file with any other combination of MAC and ACL is still marked with a '+'. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.0 (2008-10-05) [beta] ** New programs timeout: Run a command with bounded time. truncate: Set the size of a file to a specified size. ** New features chgrp, chmod, chown, chcon, du, rm: now all display linear performance, even when operating on million-entry directories on ext3 and ext4 file systems. Before, they would exhibit O(N^2) performance, due to linear per-entry seek time cost when operating on entries in readdir order. Rm was improved directly, while the others inherit the improvement from the newer version of fts in gnulib. comm now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can be turned off with the --nocheck-order option. comm accepts new option, --output-delimiter=STR, that allows specification of an output delimiter other than the default single TAB. cp and mv: the deprecated --reply=X option is now also undocumented. dd accepts iflag=fullblock to make it accumulate full input blocks. With this new option, after a short read, dd repeatedly calls read, until it fills the incomplete block, reaches EOF, or encounters an error. df accepts a new option --total, which produces a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. If the GNU MP library is available at configure time, factor and expr support arbitrarily large numbers. Pollard's rho algorithm is used to factor large numbers. install accepts a new option --strip-program to specify the program used to strip binaries. ls now colorizes files with capabilities if libcap is available ls -v now uses filevercmp function as sort predicate (instead of strverscmp) md5sum now accepts the new option, --quiet, to suppress the printing of 'OK' messages. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum accept it, too. sort accepts a new option, --files0-from=F, that specifies a file containing a null-separated list of files to sort. This list is used instead of filenames passed on the command-line to avoid problems with maximum command-line (argv) length. sort accepts a new option --batch-size=NMERGE, where NMERGE represents the maximum number of inputs that will be merged at once. When processing more than NMERGE inputs, sort uses temporary files. sort accepts a new option --version-sort (-V, --sort=version), specifying that ordering is to be based on filevercmp. ** Bug fixes chcon --verbose now prints a newline after each message od no longer suffers from platform bugs in printf(3). This is probably most noticeable when using 'od -tfL' to print long doubles. seq -0.1 0.1 2 now prints 2,0 when locale's decimal point is ",". Before, it would mistakenly omit the final number in that example. shuf honors the --zero-terminated (-z) option, even with --input-range=LO-HI shuf --head-count is now correctly documented. The documentation previously claimed it was called --head-lines. ** Improvements Improved support for access control lists (ACLs): On MacOS X, Solaris 7..10, HP-UX 11, Tru64, AIX, IRIX 6.5, and Cygwin, "ls -l" now displays the presence of an ACL on a file via a '+' sign after the mode, and "cp -p" copies ACLs. join has significantly better performance due to better memory management ls now uses constant memory when not sorting and using one_per_line format, no matter how many files are in a given directory. I.e., to list a directory with very many files, ls -1U is much more efficient. od now aligns fields across lines when printing multiple -t specifiers, and no longer prints fields that resulted entirely from padding the input out to the least common multiple width. ** Changes in behavior stat's --context (-Z) option has always been a no-op. Now it evokes a warning that it is obsolete and will be removed. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.12 (2008-05-31) [stable] ** New features cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve nanosecond resolution on file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimensat' and 'futimens' system calls. ** Bug fixes chcon, runcon: --help output now includes the bug-reporting address cp -p copies permissions more portably. For example, on MacOS X 10.5, "cp -p some-fifo some-file" no longer fails while trying to copy the permissions from the some-fifo argument. id with no options now prints the SELinux context only when invoked with no USERNAME argument. id and groups once again print the AFS-specific nameless group-ID (PAG). Printing of such large-numbered, kernel-only (not in /etc/group) group-IDs was suppressed in 6.11 due to ignorance that they are useful. uniq: avoid subtle field-skipping malfunction due to isblank misuse. In some locales on some systems, isblank(240) (aka  ) is nonzero. On such systems, uniq --skip-fields=N would fail to skip the proper number of fields for some inputs. tac: avoid segfault with --regex (-r) and multiple files, e.g., "echo > x; tac -r x x". [bug present at least in textutils-1.8b, from 1992] ** Changes in behavior install once again sets SELinux context, when possible [it was deliberately disabled in 6.9.90] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.11 (2008-04-19) [stable] ** Bug fixes configure --enable-no-install-program=groups now works. "cp -fR fifo E" now succeeds with an existing E. Before this fix, using -fR to copy a fifo or "special" file onto an existing file would fail with EEXIST. Now, it once again unlinks the destination before trying to create the destination file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.90] dd once again works with unnecessary options like if=/dev/stdin and of=/dev/stdout. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0h] id now uses getgrouplist, when possible. This results in much better performance when there are many users and/or groups. ls no longer segfaults on files in /proc when linked with an older version of libselinux. E.g., ls -l /proc/sys would dereference a NULL pointer. md5sum would segfault for invalid BSD-style input, e.g., echo 'MD5 (' | md5sum -c - Now, md5sum ignores that line. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] md5sum -c would accept a NUL-containing checksum string like "abcd\0..." and would unnecessarily read and compute the checksum of the named file, and then compare that checksum to the invalid one: guaranteed to fail. Now, it recognizes that the line is not valid and skips it. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too. [bug present in the original version, in coreutils-4.5.1, 1995] "mkdir -Z x dir" no longer segfaults when diagnosing invalid context "x" mkfifo and mknod would fail similarly. Now they're fixed. mv would mistakenly unlink a destination file before calling rename, when the destination had two or more hard links. It no longer does that. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] "paste -d'\' file" no longer overruns memory (heap since coreutils-5.1.2, stack before then) [bug present in the original version, in 1992] "pr -e" with a mix of backspaces and TABs no longer corrupts the heap [bug present in the original version, in 1992] "ptx -F'\' long-file-name" would overrun a malloc'd buffer and corrupt the heap. That was triggered by a lone backslash (or odd number of them) at the end of the option argument to --flag-truncation=STRING (-F), --word-regexp=REGEXP (-W), or --sentence-regexp=REGEXP (-S). "rm -r DIR" would mistakenly declare to be "write protected" -- and prompt about -- full DIR-relative names longer than MIN (PATH_MAX, 8192). "rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty" detects and ignores the failure in more cases when a directory is empty. "seq -f % 1" would issue the erroneous diagnostic "seq: memory exhausted" rather than reporting the invalid string format. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] ** New features join now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can be turned off with the --nocheck-order option. sort accepts the new option --sort=WORD, where WORD can be one of general-numeric, month, numeric or random. These are equivalent to the options --general-numeric-sort/-g, --month-sort/-M, --numeric-sort/-n and --random-sort/-R, resp. ** Improvements id and groups work around an AFS-related bug whereby those programs would print an invalid group number, when given no user-name argument. ls --color no longer outputs unnecessary escape sequences seq gives better diagnostics for invalid formats. ** Portability rm now works properly even on systems like BeOS and Haiku, which have negative errno values. ** Consistency install, mkdir, rmdir and split now write --verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.10 (2008-01-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes Fix a non-portable use of sed in configure.ac. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.92] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.92 (2008-01-12) [beta] ** Bug fixes cp --parents no longer uses uninitialized memory when restoring the permissions of a just-created destination directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] tr's case conversion would fail in a locale with differing numbers of lower case and upper case characters. E.g., this would fail: env LC_CTYPE=en_US.ISO-8859-1 tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] ** Improvements "touch -d now writable-but-owned-by-someone-else" now succeeds whenever that same command would succeed without "-d now". Before, it would work fine with no -d option, yet it would fail with the ostensibly-equivalent "-d now". * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.91 (2007-12-15) [beta] ** Bug fixes "ls -l" would not output "+" on SELinux hosts unless -Z was also given. "rm" would fail to unlink a non-directory when run in an environment in which the user running rm is capable of unlinking a directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.90 (2007-12-01) [beta] ** New programs arch: equivalent to uname -m, not installed by default But don't install this program on Solaris systems. chcon: change the SELinux security context of a file mktemp: create a temporary file or directory (or names) runcon: run a program in a different SELinux security context ** Programs no longer installed by default hostname, su ** Changes in behavior cp, by default, refuses to copy through a dangling destination symlink Set POSIXLY_CORRECT if you require the old, risk-prone behavior. pr -F no longer suppresses the footer or the first two blank lines in the header. This is for compatibility with BSD and POSIX. tr now warns about an unescaped backslash at end of string. The tr from coreutils-5.2.1 and earlier would fail for such usage, and Solaris' tr ignores that final byte. ** New features Add SELinux support, based on the patch from Fedora: * cp accepts new --preserve=context option. * "cp -a" works with SELinux: Now, cp -a attempts to preserve context, but failure to do so does not change cp's exit status. However "cp --preserve=context" is similar, but failure *does* cause cp to exit with nonzero status. * install accepts new "-Z, --context=C" option. * id accepts new "-Z" option. * stat honors the new %C format directive: SELinux security context string * ls accepts a slightly modified -Z option. * ls: contrary to Fedora version, does not accept --lcontext and --scontext The following commands and options now support the standard size suffixes kB, M, MB, G, GB, and so on for T, P, Y, Z, and Y: head -c, head -n, od -j, od -N, od -S, split -b, split -C, tail -c, tail -n. cp -p tries to preserve the GID of a file even if preserving the UID is not possible. uniq accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z). As with the sort option of the same name, this makes uniq consume and produce NUL-terminated lines rather than newline-terminated lines. wc no longer warns about character decoding errors in multibyte locales. This means for example that "wc /bin/sh" now produces normal output (though the word count will have no real meaning) rather than many error messages. ** New build options By default, "make install" no longer attempts to install (or even build) su. To change that, use ./configure --enable-install-program=su. If you also want to install the new "arch" program, do this: ./configure --enable-install-program=arch,su. You can inhibit the compilation and installation of selected programs at configure time. For example, to avoid installing "hostname" and "uptime", use ./configure --enable-no-install-program=hostname,uptime Note: currently, "make check" passes, even when arch and su are not built (that's the new default). However, if you inhibit the building and installation of other programs, don't be surprised if some parts of "make check" fail. ** Remove deprecated options df no longer accepts the --kilobytes option. du no longer accepts the --kilobytes or --megabytes options. ls no longer accepts the --kilobytes option. ptx longer accepts the --copyright option. who no longer accepts -i or --idle. ** Improved robustness ln -f can no longer silently clobber a just-created hard link. In some cases, ln could be seen as being responsible for data loss. For example, given directories a, b, c, and files a/f and b/f, we should be able to do this safely: ln -f a/f b/f c && rm -f a/f b/f However, before this change, ln would succeed, and thus cause the loss of the contents of a/f. stty no longer silently accepts certain invalid hex values in its 35-colon command-line argument ** Bug fixes chmod no longer ignores a dangling symlink. Now, chmod fails with a diagnostic saying that it cannot operate on such a file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] cp attempts to read a regular file, even if stat says it is empty. Before, "cp /proc/cpuinfo c" would create an empty file when the kernel reports stat.st_size == 0, while "cat /proc/cpuinfo > c" would "work", and create a nonempty one. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] cp --parents no longer mishandles symlinks to directories in file name components in the source, e.g., "cp --parents symlink/a/b d" no longer fails. Also, 'cp' no longer considers a destination symlink to be the same as the referenced file when copying links or making backups. For example, if SYM is a symlink to FILE, "cp -l FILE SYM" now reports an error instead of silently doing nothing. The behavior of 'cp' is now better documented when the destination is a symlink. "cp -i --update older newer" no longer prompts; same for mv "cp -i" now detects read errors on standard input, and no longer consumes too much seekable input; same for ln, install, mv, and rm. cut now diagnoses a range starting with zero (e.g., -f 0-2) as invalid; before, it would treat it as if it started with 1 (-f 1-2). "cut -f 2-0" now fails; before, it was equivalent to "cut -f 2-" cut now diagnoses the '-' in "cut -f -" as an invalid range, rather than interpreting it as the unlimited range, "1-". date -d now accepts strings of the form e.g., 'YYYYMMDD +N days', in addition to the usual 'YYYYMMDD N days'. du -s now includes the size of any stat'able-but-inaccessible directory in the total size. du (without -s) prints whatever it knows of the size of an inaccessible directory. Before, du would print nothing for such a directory. ls -x DIR would sometimes output the wrong string in place of the first entry. [introduced in coreutils-6.8] ls --color would mistakenly color a dangling symlink as if it were a regular symlink. This would happen only when the dangling symlink was not a command-line argument and in a directory with d_type support. [introduced in coreutils-6.0] ls --color, (with a custom LS_COLORS envvar value including the ln=target attribute) would mistakenly output the string "target" before the name of each symlink. [introduced in coreutils-6.0] od's --skip (-j) option now works even when the kernel says that a nonempty regular file has stat.st_size = 0. This happens at least with files in /proc and linux-2.6.22. "od -j L FILE" had a bug: when the number of bytes to skip, L, is exactly the same as the length of FILE, od would skip *no* bytes. When the number of bytes to skip is exactly the sum of the lengths of the first N files, od would skip only the first N-1 files. [introduced in textutils-2.0.9] ./printf %.10000000f 1 could get an internal ENOMEM error and generate no output, yet erroneously exit with status 0. Now it diagnoses the error and exits with nonzero status. [present in initial implementation] seq no longer mishandles obvious cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003", so workarounds like "seq 0 0.000001 0.0000031" are no longer needed. seq would mistakenly reject some valid format strings containing %%, and would mistakenly accept some invalid ones. e.g., %g%% and %%g, resp. "seq .1 .1" would mistakenly generate no output on some systems Obsolete sort usage with an invalid ordering-option character, e.g., "env _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 sort +1x" no longer makes sort free an invalid pointer [introduced in coreutils-6.5] sorting very long lines (relative to the amount of available memory) no longer provokes unaligned memory access split --line-bytes=N (-C N) no longer creates an empty file [this bug is present at least as far back as textutils-1.22 (Jan, 1997)] tr -c no longer aborts when translating with Set2 larger than the complement of Set1. [present in the original version, in 1992] tr no longer rejects an unmatched [:lower:] or [:upper:] in SET1. [present in the original version] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9 (2007-03-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -x (--one-file-system) would fail to set mount point permissions The default block size and output format for df -P are now unaffected by the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. It is still affected by POSIXLY_CORRECT, though. Using pr -m -s (i.e., merging files, with TAB as the output separator) no longer inserts extraneous spaces between output columns. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.8 (2007-02-24) [not-unstable] ** Bug fixes chgrp, chmod, and chown now honor the --preserve-root option. Before, they would warn, yet continuing traversing and operating on /. chmod no longer fails in an environment (e.g., a chroot) with openat support but with insufficient /proc support. "cp --parents F/G D" no longer creates a directory D/F when F is not a directory (and F/G is therefore invalid). "cp --preserve=mode" would create directories that briefly had too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when copying a directory with permissions 777 the destination directory might temporarily be setgid on some file systems, which would allow other users to create subfiles with the same group as the directory. Fix similar problems with 'install' and 'mv'. cut no longer dumps core for usage like "cut -f2- f1 f2" with two or more file arguments. This was due to a double-free bug, introduced in coreutils-5.3.0. dd bs= operands now silently override any later ibs= and obs= operands, as POSIX and tradition require. "ls -FRL" always follows symbolic links on Linux. Introduced in coreutils-6.0. A cross-partition "mv /etc/passwd ~" (by non-root) now prints a reasonable diagnostic. Before, it would print this: "mv: cannot remove `/etc/passwd': Not a directory". pwd and "readlink -e ." no longer fail unnecessarily when a parent directory is unreadable. rm (without -f) could prompt when it shouldn't, or fail to prompt when it should, when operating on a full name longer than 511 bytes and getting an ENOMEM error while trying to form the long name. rm could mistakenly traverse into the wrong directory under unusual conditions: when a full name longer than 511 bytes specifies a search-only directory, and when forming that name fails with ENOMEM, rm would attempt to open a truncated-to-511-byte name with the first five bytes replaced with "[...]". If such a directory were to actually exist, rm would attempt to remove it. "rm -rf /etc/passwd" (run by non-root) now prints a diagnostic. Before it would print nothing. "rm --interactive=never F" no longer prompts for an unwritable F "rm -rf D" would emit a misleading diagnostic when failing to remove a symbolic link within the unwritable directory, D. Introduced in coreutils-6.0. Similarly, when a cross-partition "mv" fails because the source directory is unwritable, it now gives a reasonable diagnostic. Before, this would print $ mkdir /tmp/x; touch /tmp/x/y; chmod -w /tmp/x; $ test $(stat -c %d /tmp/x) -ne $(stat -c %d .) && mv /tmp/x/y . mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Not a directory Now it prints this: mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Permission denied. ** New features sort's new --compress-program=PROG option specifies a compression program to use when writing and reading temporary files. This can help save both time and disk space when sorting large inputs. sort accepts the new option -C, which acts like -c except no diagnostic is printed. Its --check option now accepts an optional argument, and --check=quiet and --check=silent are now aliases for -C, while --check=diagnose-first is an alias for -c or plain --check. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.7 (2006-12-08) [stable] ** Bug fixes When cp -p copied a file with special mode bits set, the same bits were set on the copy even when ownership could not be preserved. This could result in files that were setuid to the wrong user. To fix this, special mode bits are now set in the copy only if its ownership is successfully preserved. Similar problems were fixed with mv when copying across file system boundaries. This problem affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6. cp --preserve=ownership would create output files that temporarily had too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when copying a file with group A and mode 644 into a group-B sticky directory, the output file was briefly readable by group B. Fix similar problems with cp options like -p that imply --preserve=ownership, with install -d when combined with either -o or -g, and with mv when copying across file system boundaries. This bug affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6. du --one-file-system (-x) would skip subdirectories of any directory listed as second or subsequent command line argument. This bug affects coreutils-6.4, 6.5 and 6.6. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.6 (2006-11-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes ls would segfault (dereference a NULL pointer) for a file with a nameless group or owner. This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.5. A bug in the latest official m4/gettext.m4 (from gettext-0.15) made configure fail to detect gettext support, due to the unusual way in which coreutils uses AM_GNU_GETTEXT. ** Improved robustness Now, du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) honor a trailing slash in the name of a symlink-to-directory even on Solaris 9, by working around its buggy fstatat implementation. * Major changes in release 6.5 (2006-11-19) [stable] ** Bug fixes du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) would exit early when encountering an inaccessible directory on a system with native openat support (i.e., linux-2.6.16 or newer along with glibc-2.4 or newer). This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0. "ln --backup f f" now produces a sensible diagnostic ** New features rm accepts a new option: --one-file-system * Major changes in release 6.4 (2006-10-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes chgrp and chown would malfunction when invoked with both -R and -H and with one or more of the following: --preserve-root, --verbose, --changes, --from=o:g (chown only). This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0. cp --backup dir1 dir2, would rename an existing dir2/dir1 to dir2/dir1~. This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.0. With --force (-f), rm no longer fails for ENOTDIR. For example, "rm -f existing-non-directory/anything" now exits successfully, ignoring the error about a nonexistent file. * Major changes in release 6.3 (2006-09-30) [stable] ** Improved robustness pinky no longer segfaults on Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) due to a buggy native getaddrinfo function. rm works around a bug in Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) that would sometimes keep it from removing all entries in a directory on an HFS+ or NFS-mounted partition. sort would fail to handle very large input (around 40GB) on systems with a mkstemp function that returns a file descriptor limited to 32-bit offsets. ** Bug fixes chmod would fail unnecessarily in an unusual case: when an initially- inaccessible argument is rendered accessible by chmod's action on a preceding command line argument. This bug also affects chgrp, but it is harder to demonstrate. It does not affect chown. The bug was introduced with the switch from explicit recursion to the use of fts in coreutils-5.1.0 (2003-10-15). cp -i and mv -i occasionally neglected to prompt when the copy or move action was bound to fail. This bug dates back to before fileutils-4.0. With --verbose (-v), cp and mv would sometimes generate no output, or neglect to report file removal. For the "groups" command: "groups" no longer prefixes the output with "user :" unless more than one user is specified; this is for compatibility with BSD. "groups user" now exits nonzero when it gets a write error. "groups" now processes options like --help more compatibly. shuf would infloop, given 8KB or more of piped input ** Portability Versions of chmod, chown, chgrp, du, and rm (tools that use openat etc.) compiled for Solaris 8 now also work when run on Solaris 10. * Major changes in release 6.2 (2006-09-18) [stable candidate] ** Changes in behavior mkdir -p and install -d (or -D) now use a method that forks a child process if the working directory is unreadable and a later argument uses a relative file name. This avoids some race conditions, but it means you may need to kill two processes to stop these programs. rm now rejects attempts to remove the root directory, e.g., 'rm -fr /' now fails without removing anything. Likewise for any file name with a final './' or '../' component. tail now ignores the -f option if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, no file operand is given, and standard input is any FIFO; formerly it did this only for pipes. ** Infrastructure changes Coreutils now uses gnulib via the gnulib-tool script. If you check the source out from CVS, then follow the instructions in README-cvs. Although this represents a large change to the infrastructure, it should cause no change in how the tools work. ** Bug fixes cp --backup no longer fails when the last component of a source file name is "." or "..". "ls --color" would highlight other-writable and sticky directories no differently than regular directories on a file system with dirent.d_type support. "mv -T --verbose --backup=t A B" now prints the " (backup: B.~1~)" suffix when A and B are directories as well as when they are not. mv and "cp -r" no longer fail when invoked with two arguments where the first one names a directory and the second name ends in a slash and doesn't exist. E.g., "mv dir B/", for nonexistent B, now succeeds, once more. This bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0. * Major changes in release 6.1 (2006-08-19) [unstable] ** Changes in behavior df now considers BSD "kernfs" file systems to be dummies ** New features printf now supports the 'I' flag on hosts whose underlying printf implementations support 'I', e.g., "printf %Id 2". ** Bug fixes cp --sparse preserves sparseness at the end of a file, even when the file's apparent size is not a multiple of its block size. [introduced with the original design, in fileutils-4.0r, 2000-04-29] df (with a command line argument) once again prints its header [introduced in coreutils-6.0] ls -CF would misalign columns in some cases involving non-stat'able files [introduced in coreutils-6.0] * Major changes in release 6.0 (2006-08-15) [unstable] ** Improved robustness df: if the file system claims to have more available than total blocks, report the number of used blocks as being "total - available" (a negative number) rather than as garbage. dircolors: a new autoconf run-test for AIX's buggy strndup function prevents malfunction on that system; may also affect cut, expand, and unexpand. fts no longer changes the current working directory, so its clients (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer malfunction under extreme conditions. pwd and other programs using lib/getcwd.c work even on file systems where dirent.d_ino values are inconsistent with those from stat.st_ino. rm's core is now reentrant: rm --recursive (-r) now processes hierarchies without changing the working directory at all. ** Changes in behavior basename and dirname now treat // as different from / on platforms where the two are distinct. chmod, install, and mkdir now preserve a directory's set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly request otherwise. E.g., 'chmod 755 DIR' and 'chmod u=rwx,go=rx DIR' now preserve DIR's set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits instead of clearing them, and similarly for 'mkdir -m 755 DIR' and 'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx DIR'. To clear the bits, mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g., 'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,-s DIR'. To set them, mention them explicitly in either a symbolic or a numeric mode, e.g., 'mkdir -m 2755 DIR', 'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,g+s' DIR. This change is for convenience on systems where these bits inherit from parents. Unfortunately other operating systems are not consistent here, and portable scripts cannot assume the bits are set, cleared, or preserved, even when the bits are explicitly mentioned. For example, OpenBSD 3.9 'mkdir -m 777 D' preserves D's setgid bit but 'chmod 777 D' clears it. Conversely, Solaris 10 'mkdir -m 777 D', 'mkdir -m g-s D', and 'chmod 0777 D' all preserve D's setgid bit, and you must use something like 'chmod g-s D' to clear it. 'cp --link --no-dereference' now works also on systems where the link system call cannot create a hard link to a symbolic link. This change has no effect on systems with a Linux-based kernel. csplit and nl now use POSIX syntax for regular expressions, not Emacs syntax. As a result, character classes like [[:print:]] and interval expressions like A\{1,9\} now have their usual meaning, . no longer matches the null character, and \ must precede the + and ? operators. date: a command like date -d '2006-04-23 21 days ago' would print the wrong date in some time zones. (see the test for an example) df changes: df now considers "none" and "proc" file systems to be dummies and therefore does not normally display them. Also, inaccessible file systems (which can be caused by shadowed mount points or by chrooted bind mounts) are now dummies, too. df now fails if it generates no output, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like "df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR" to test whether DIR is on a file system of type "ext3" or "reiserfs". expr no longer complains about leading ^ in a regular expression (the anchor is ignored), or about regular expressions like A** (the second "*" is ignored). expr now exits with status 2 (not 3) for errors it detects in the expression's values; exit status 3 is now used only for internal errors (such as integer overflow, which expr now checks for). install and mkdir now implement the X permission symbol correctly, e.g., 'mkdir -m a+X dir'; previously the X was ignored. install now creates parent directories with mode u=rwx,go=rx (755) instead of using the mode specified by the -m option; and it does not change the owner or group of parent directories. This is for compatibility with BSD and closes some race conditions. ln now uses different (and we hope clearer) diagnostics when it fails. ln -v now acts more like FreeBSD, so it generates output only when successful and the output is easier to parse. ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', not --time-style='posix-long-iso'. However, the 'locale' time style now behaves like 'posix-long-iso' if your locale settings appear to be messed up. This change attempts to have the default be the best of both worlds. mkfifo and mknod no longer set special mode bits (setuid, setgid, and sticky) with the -m option. nohup's usual diagnostic now more precisely specifies the I/O redirections, e.g., "ignoring input and appending output to nohup.out". Also, nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out (or $HOME/nohup.out) if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty; this is in response to Open Group XCU ERN 71. rm --interactive now takes an optional argument, although the default of using no argument still acts like -i. rm no longer fails to remove an empty, unreadable directory seq changes: seq defaults to a minimal fixed point format that does not lose information if seq's operands are all fixed point decimal numbers. You no longer need the '-f%.f' in 'seq -f%.f 1048575 1024 1050623', for example, since the default format now has the same effect. seq now lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, and %G formats. seq now uses long double internally rather than double. sort now reports incompatible options (e.g., -i and -n) rather than silently ignoring one of them. stat's --format=FMT option now works the way it did before 5.3.0: FMT is automatically newline terminated. The first stable release containing this change was 5.92. stat accepts the new option --printf=FMT, where FMT is *not* automatically newline terminated. stat: backslash escapes are interpreted in a format string specified via --printf=FMT, but not one specified via --format=FMT. That includes octal (\ooo, at most three octal digits), hexadecimal (\xhh, one or two hex digits), and the standard sequences (\a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \v, \", \\). With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. Formerly, it ignored the '-f' when standard input was a FIFO, pipe, or socket. ** Scheduled for removal ptx's --copyright (-C) option is scheduled for removal in 2007, and now evokes a warning. Use --version instead. rm's --directory (-d) option is scheduled for removal in 2006. This option has been silently ignored since coreutils 5.0. On systems that support unlinking of directories, you can use the "unlink" command to unlink a directory. Similarly, we are considering the removal of ln's --directory (-d, -F) option in 2006. Please write to if this would cause a problem for you. On systems that support hard links to directories, you can use the "link" command to create one. ** New programs base64: base64 encoding and decoding (RFC 3548) functionality. sha224sum: print or check a SHA224 (224-bit) checksum sha256sum: print or check a SHA256 (256-bit) checksum sha384sum: print or check a SHA384 (384-bit) checksum sha512sum: print or check a SHA512 (512-bit) checksum shuf: Shuffle lines of text. ** New features chgrp now supports --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default), as it was documented to do, and just as chmod, chown, and rm do. New dd iflag= and oflag= flags: 'directory' causes dd to fail unless the file is a directory, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.1.126 and later). This has limited utility but is present for completeness. 'noatime' causes dd to read a file without updating its access time, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.6.8 and later). 'nolinks' causes dd to fail if the file has multiple hard links, on hosts that support this (e.g., Solaris 10 and later). ls accepts the new option --group-directories-first, to make it list directories before files. rm now accepts the -I (--interactive=once) option. This new option prompts once if rm is invoked recursively or if more than three files are being deleted, which is less intrusive than -i prompting for every file, but provides almost the same level of protection against mistakes. shred and sort now accept the --random-source option. sort now accepts the --random-sort (-R) option and 'R' ordering option. sort now supports obsolete usages like "sort +1 -2" unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. However, when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001 "sort +1" still sorts the file named "+1". wc accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-terminated file names. ** Bug fixes cat with any of the options, -A -v -e -E -T, when applied to a file in /proc or /sys (linux-specific), would truncate its output, usually printing nothing. cp -p would fail in a /proc-less chroot, on some systems When 'cp -RL' encounters the same directory more than once in the hierarchy beneath a single command-line argument, it no longer confuses them with hard-linked directories. fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer fail due to a double-free bug -- it could be triggered by making a directory inaccessible while e.g., du is traversing the hierarchy under it. fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer misinterpret a very long symlink chain as a dangling symlink. Before, such a misinterpretation would cause these tools not to diagnose an ELOOP error. ls --indicator-style=file-type would sometimes stat a symlink unnecessarily. ls --file-type worked like --indicator-style=slash (-p), rather than like --indicator-style=file-type. mv: moving a symlink into the place of an existing non-directory is now done atomically; before, mv would first unlink the destination. mv -T DIR EMPTY_DIR no longer fails unconditionally. Also, mv can now remove an empty destination directory: mkdir -p a b/a; mv a b rm (on systems with openat) can no longer exit before processing all command-line arguments. rm is no longer susceptible to a few low-probability memory leaks. rm -r no longer fails to remove an inaccessible and empty directory rm -r's cycle detection code can no longer be tricked into reporting a false positive (introduced in fileutils-4.1.9). shred --remove FILE no longer segfaults on Gentoo systems sort would fail for large inputs (~50MB) on systems with a buggy mkstemp function. sort and tac now use the replacement mkstemp function, and hence are no longer subject to limitations (of 26 or 32, on the maximum number of files from a given template) on HP-UX 10.20, SunOS 4.1.4, Solaris 2.5.1 and OSF1/Tru64 V4.0F&V5.1. tail -f once again works on a file with the append-only attribute (affects at least Linux ext2, ext3, xfs file systems) * Major changes in release 5.97 (2006-06-24) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.96 (2006-05-22) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.95 (2006-05-12) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.94 (2006-02-13) [stable] [see the b5_9x branch for details] * Major changes in release 5.93 (2005-11-06) [stable] ** Bug fixes dircolors no longer segfaults upon an attempt to use the new STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE (OWT) attribute. du no longer overflows a counter when processing a file larger than 2^31-1 on some 32-bit systems (at least some AIX 5.1 configurations). md5sum once again defaults to using the ' ' non-binary marker (rather than the '*' binary marker) by default on Unix-like systems. mkdir -p and install -d no longer exit nonzero when asked to create a directory like 'nonexistent/.' rm emits a better diagnostic when (without -r) it fails to remove a directory on e.g., Solaris 9/10 systems. tac now works when stdin is a tty, even on non-Linux systems. "tail -c 2 FILE" and "touch 0101000000" now operate as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires, even when coreutils is conforming to older POSIX standards, as the newly-required behavior is upward-compatible with the old. The documentation no longer mentions rm's --directory (-d) option. ** Build-related bug fixes installing .mo files would fail * Major changes in release 5.92 (2005-10-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes chmod now diagnoses an invalid mode string starting with an octal digit dircolors now properly quotes single-quote characters * Major changes in release 5.91 (2005-10-17) [stable candidate] ** Bug fixes "mkdir -p /a/b/c" no longer fails merely because a leading prefix directory (e.g., /a or /a/b) exists on a read-only file system. ** Removed options tail's --allow-missing option has been removed. Use --retry instead. stat's --link and -l options have been removed. Use --dereference (-L) instead. ** Deprecated options Using ls, du, or df with the --kilobytes option now evokes a warning that the long-named option is deprecated. Use '-k' instead. du's long-named --megabytes option now evokes a warning. Use -m instead. * Major changes in release 5.90 (2005-09-29) [unstable] ** Bring back support for 'head -NUM', 'tail -NUM', etc. even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. The following changes apply only when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001; there is no effect when conforming to older POSIX versions. The following usages now behave just as when conforming to older POSIX: date -I expand -TAB1[,TAB2,...] fold -WIDTH head -NUM join -j FIELD join -j1 FIELD join -j2 FIELD join -o FIELD_NAME1 FIELD_NAME2... nice -NUM od -w pr -S split -NUM tail -[NUM][bcl][f] [FILE] The following usages no longer work, due to the above changes: date -I TIMESPEC (use 'date -ITIMESPEC' instead) od -w WIDTH (use 'od -wWIDTH' instead) pr -S STRING (use 'pr -SSTRING' instead) A few usages still have behavior that depends on which POSIX standard is being conformed to, and portable applications should beware these problematic usages. These include: Problematic Standard-conforming replacement, depending on usage whether you prefer the behavior of: POSIX 1003.2-1992 POSIX 1003.1-2001 sort +4 sort -k 5 sort ./+4 tail +4 tail -n +4 tail ./+4 tail - f tail f [see (*) below] tail -c 4 tail -c 10 ./4 tail -c4 touch 12312359 f touch -t 12312359 f touch ./12312359 f uniq +4 uniq -s 4 uniq ./+4 (*) "tail - f" does not conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001; to read standard input and then "f", use the command "tail -- - f". These changes are in response to decisions taken in the January 2005 Austin Group standardization meeting. For more details, please see "Utility Syntax Guidelines" in the Minutes of the January 2005 Meeting . ** Binary input and output are now implemented more consistently. These changes affect only platforms like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files. The following programs now always use text input/output: expand unexpand The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data: cp install mv shred The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data, except for stdin and stdout when it is a terminal. head tac tail tee tr (cat behaves similarly, unless one of the options -bensAE is used.) cat's --binary or -B option has been removed. It existed only on MS-DOS-like platforms, and didn't work as documented there. md5sum and sha1sum now obey the -b or --binary option, even if standard input is a terminal, and they no longer report files to be binary if they actually read them in text mode. ** Changes for better conformance to POSIX cp, ln, mv, rm changes: Leading white space is now significant in responses to yes-or-no questions. For example, if "rm" asks "remove regular file `foo'?" and you respond with " y" (i.e., space before "y"), it counts as "no". dd changes: On a QUIT or PIPE signal, dd now exits without printing statistics. On hosts lacking the INFO signal, dd no longer treats the USR1 signal as if it were INFO when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. If the file F is non-seekable and contains fewer than N blocks, then before copying "dd seek=N of=F" now extends F with zeroed blocks until F contains N blocks. fold changes: When POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, "fold file -3" is now equivalent to "fold file ./-3", not the obviously-erroneous "fold file ./-w3". ls changes: -p now marks only directories; it is equivalent to the new option --indicator-style=slash. Use --file-type or --indicator-style=file-type to get -p's old behavior. nice changes: Documentation and diagnostics now refer to "nicenesses" (commonly in the range -20...19) rather than "nice values" (commonly 0...39). nohup changes: nohup now ignores the umask when creating nohup.out. nohup now closes stderr if it is a terminal and stdout is closed. nohup now exits with status 127 (not 1) when given an invalid option. pathchk changes: It now rejects the empty name in the normal case. That is, "pathchk -p ''" now fails, and "pathchk ''" fails unless the current host (contra POSIX) allows empty file names. The new -P option checks whether a file name component has leading "-", as suggested in interpretation "Austin-039:XCU:pathchk:pathchk -p" . It also rejects the empty name even if the current host accepts it; see . The --portability option is now equivalent to -p -P. ** Bug fixes chmod, mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod formerly mishandled rarely-used symbolic permissions like =xX and =u, and did not properly diagnose some invalid strings like g+gr, ug,+x, and +1. These bugs have been fixed. csplit could produce corrupt output, given input lines longer than 8KB dd now computes statistics using a realtime clock (if available) rather than the time-of-day clock, to avoid glitches if the time-of-day is changed while dd is running. Also, it avoids using unsafe code in signal handlers; this fixes some core dumps. expr and test now correctly compare integers of unlimited magnitude. expr now detects integer overflow when converting strings to integers, rather than silently wrapping around. ls now refuses to generate timestamps containing more than 1000 bytes, to foil potential denial-of-service attacks on hosts with very large stacks. "mkdir -m =+x dir" no longer ignores the umask when evaluating "+x", and similarly for mkfifo and mknod. "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b dir" no longer attempts to create the '.'-relative directory, dir (in /tmp/a), when, after creating /tmp/a/b, it is unable to return to its initial working directory. Similarly for "install -D file /tmp/a/b/file". "pr -D FORMAT" now accepts the same formats that "date +FORMAT" does. stat now exits nonzero if a file operand does not exist ** Improved robustness Date no longer needs to allocate virtual memory to do its job, so it can no longer fail due to an out-of-memory condition, no matter how large the result. ** Improved portability hostid now prints exactly 8 hexadecimal digits, possibly with leading zeros, and without any spurious leading "fff..." on 64-bit hosts. nice now works on Darwin 7.7.0 in spite of its invalid definition of NZERO. 'rm -r' can remove all entries in a directory even when it is on a file system for which readdir is buggy and that was not checked by coreutils' old configure-time run-test. sleep no longer fails when resumed after being suspended on linux-2.6.8.1, in spite of that kernel's buggy nanosleep implementation. ** New features chmod -w now complains if its behavior differs from what chmod a-w would do, and similarly for chmod -r, chmod -x, etc. cp and mv: the --reply=X option is deprecated date accepts the new option --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC. The old --iso-8601 (-I) option is deprecated; it still works, but new applications should avoid it. date, du, ls, and pr's time formats now support new %:z, %::z, %:::z specifiers for numeric time zone offsets like -07:00, -07:00:00, and -07. dd has new iflag= and oflag= flags "binary" and "text", which have an effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish text from binary I/O. dircolors now supports SETUID, SETGID, STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE, OTHER_WRITABLE, and STICKY, with ls providing default colors for these categories if not specified by dircolors. du accepts new options: --time[=TYPE] and --time-style=STYLE join now supports a NUL field separator, e.g., "join -t '\0'". join now detects and reports incompatible options, e.g., "join -t x -t y", ls no longer outputs an extra space between the mode and the link count when none of the listed files has an ACL. md5sum --check now accepts multiple input files, and similarly for sha1sum. If stdin is a terminal, nohup now redirects it from /dev/null to prevent the command from tying up an OpenSSH session after you logout. "rm -FOO" now suggests "rm ./-FOO" if the file "-FOO" exists and "-FOO" is not a valid option. stat -f -c %S outputs the fundamental block size (used for block counts). stat -f's default output format has been changed to output this size as well. stat -f recognizes file systems of type XFS and JFS "touch -" now touches standard output, not a file named "-". uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown. * Major changes in release 5.3.0 (2005-01-08) [unstable] ** Bug fixes Several fixes to chgrp and chown for compatibility with POSIX and BSD: Do not affect symbolic links by default. Now, operate on whatever a symbolic link points to, instead. To get the old behavior, use --no-dereference (-h). --dereference now works, even when the specified owner and/or group match those of an affected symlink. Check for incompatible options. When -R and --dereference are both used, then either -H or -L must also be used. When -R and -h are both used, then -P must be in effect. -H, -L, and -P have no effect unless -R is also specified. If -P and -R are both specified, -h is assumed. Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner and group already have the desired value. This optimization was incorrect, as it failed to update the last-changed time and reset special permission bits, as POSIX requires. "chown : file", "chown '' file", and "chgrp '' file" now succeed without changing the uid or gid, instead of reporting an error. Do not report an error if the owner or group of a recursively-encountered symbolic link cannot be updated because the file system does not support it. chmod now accepts multiple mode-like options, e.g., "chmod -r -w f". chown is no longer subject to a race condition vulnerability, when used with --from=O:G and without the (-h) --no-dereference option. cut's --output-delimiter=D option works with abutting byte ranges. dircolors's documentation now recommends that shell scripts eval "`dircolors`" rather than `dircolors`, to avoid shell expansion pitfalls. du no longer segfaults when a subdirectory of an operand directory is removed while du is traversing that subdirectory. Since the bug was in the underlying fts.c module, it also affected chown, chmod, and chgrp. du's --exclude-from=FILE and --exclude=P options now compare patterns against the entire name of each file, rather than against just the final component. echo now conforms to POSIX better. It supports the \0ooo syntax for octal escapes, and \c now terminates printing immediately. If POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not "-n", echo now outputs all option-like arguments instead of treating them as options. expand and unexpand now conform to POSIX better. They check for blanks (which can include characters other than space and tab in non-POSIX locales) instead of spaces and tabs. Unexpand now preserves some blanks instead of converting them to tabs or spaces. "ln x d/" now reports an error if d/x is a directory and x a file, instead of incorrectly creating a link to d/x/x. ls no longer segfaults on systems for which SIZE_MAX != (size_t) -1. md5sum and sha1sum now report an error when given so many input lines that their line counter overflows, instead of silently reporting incorrect results. Fixes for "nice": If it fails to lower the niceness due to lack of permissions, it goes ahead and runs the command anyway, as POSIX requires. It no longer incorrectly reports an error if the current niceness happens to be -1. It no longer assumes that nicenesses range from -20 through 19. It now consistently adjusts out-of-range nicenesses to the closest values in range; formerly it sometimes reported an error. pathchk no longer accepts trailing options, e.g., "pathchk -p foo -b" now treats -b as a file name to check, not as an invalid option. 'pr --columns=N' was not equivalent to 'pr -N' when also using either -s or -w. pr now supports page numbers up to 2**64 on most hosts, and it detects page number overflow instead of silently wrapping around. pr now accepts file names that begin with "+" so long as the rest of the file name does not look like a page range. printf has several changes: It now uses 'intmax_t' (not 'long int') to format integers, so it can now format 64-bit integers on most modern hosts. On modern hosts it now supports the C99-inspired %a, %A, %F conversion specs, the "'" and "0" flags, and the ll, j, t, and z length modifiers (this is compatible with recent Bash versions). The printf command now rejects invalid conversion specifications like %#d, instead of relying on undefined behavior in the underlying printf function. ptx now diagnoses invalid values for its --width=N (-w) and --gap-size=N (-g) options. mv (when moving between partitions) no longer fails when operating on too many command-line-specified nonempty directories. "readlink -f" is more compatible with prior implementations rm (without -f) no longer hangs when attempting to remove a symlink to a file on an off-line NFS-mounted partition. rm no longer gets a failed assertion under some unusual conditions. rm no longer requires read access to the current directory. "rm -r" would mistakenly fail to remove files under a directory for some types of errors (e.g., read-only file system, I/O error) when first encountering the directory. "sort" fixes: "sort -o -" now writes to a file named "-" instead of to standard output; POSIX requires this. An unlikely race condition has been fixed where "sort" could have mistakenly removed a temporary file belonging to some other process. "sort" no longer has O(N**2) behavior when it creates many temporary files. tac can now handle regular, nonseekable files like Linux's /proc/modules. Before, it would produce no output for such a file. tac would exit immediately upon I/O or temp-file creation failure. Now it continues on, processing any remaining command line arguments. "tail -f" no longer mishandles pipes and fifos. With no operands, tail now ignores -f if standard input is a pipe, as POSIX requires. When conforming to POSIX 1003.2-1992, tail now supports the SUSv2 b modifier (e.g., "tail -10b file") and it handles some obscure cases more correctly, e.g., "tail +cl" now reads the file "+cl" rather than reporting an error, "tail -c file" no longer reports an error, and "tail - file" no longer reads standard input. tee now exits when it gets a SIGPIPE signal, as POSIX requires. To get tee's old behavior, use the shell command "(trap '' PIPE; tee)". Also, "tee -" now writes to standard output instead of to a file named "-". "touch -- MMDDhhmm[yy] file" is now equivalent to "touch MMDDhhmm[yy] file" even when conforming to pre-2001 POSIX. tr no longer mishandles a second operand with leading "-". who now prints user names in full instead of truncating them after 8 bytes. The following commands now reject unknown options instead of accepting them as operands, so that users are properly warned that options may be added later. Formerly they accepted unknown options as operands; e.g., "basename -a a" acted like "basename -- -a a". basename dirname factor hostname link nohup sync unlink yes ** New features For efficiency, 'sort -m' no longer copies input to a temporary file merely because the input happens to come from a pipe. As a result, some relatively-contrived examples like 'cat F | sort -m -o F - G' are no longer safe, as 'sort' might start writing F before 'cat' is done reading it. This problem cannot occur unless '-m' is used. When outside the default POSIX locale, the 'who' and 'pinky' commands now output timestamps like "2004-06-21 13:09" instead of the traditional "Jun 21 13:09". pwd now works even when run from a working directory whose name is longer than PATH_MAX. cp, install, ln, and mv have a new --no-target-directory (-T) option, and -t is now a short name for their --target-directory option. cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now don't bother to update the destination if the resulting timestamp would be no newer than the preexisting timestamp. This saves work in the common case when copying or moving multiple times to the same destination in a file system with a coarse timestamp resolution. cut accepts a new option, --complement, to complement the set of selected bytes, characters, or fields. dd now also prints the number of bytes transferred, the time, and the transfer rate. The new "status=noxfer" operand suppresses this change. dd has new conversions for the conv= option: nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata dd has new iflag= and oflag= options with the following flags: append append mode (makes sense for output file only) direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data sync likewise, but also for metadata nonblock use non-blocking I/O nofollow do not follow symlinks noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file stty now provides support (iutf8) for setting UTF-8 input mode. With stat, a specified format is no longer automatically newline terminated. If you want a newline at the end of your output, append '\n' to the format string. 'df', 'du', and 'ls' now take the default block size from the BLOCKSIZE environment variable if the BLOCK_SIZE, DF_BLOCK_SIZE, DU_BLOCK_SIZE, and LS_BLOCK_SIZE environment variables are not set. Unlike the other variables, though, BLOCKSIZE does not affect values like 'ls -l' sizes that are normally displayed as bytes. This new behavior is for compatibility with BSD. du accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-terminated file names. Date syntax as used by date -d, date -f, and touch -d has been changed as follows: Dates like 'January 32' with out-of-range components are now rejected. Dates can have fractional timestamps like 2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193. Dates can be entered via integer counts of seconds since 1970 when prefixed by '@'. For example, '@321' represents 1970-01-01 00:05:21 UTC. Time zone corrections can now separate hours and minutes with a colon, and can follow standard abbreviations like "UTC". For example, "UTC +0530" and "+05:30" are supported, and are both equivalent to "+0530". Date values can now have leading TZ="..." assignments that override the environment only while that date is being processed. For example, the following shell command converts from Paris to New York time: TZ="America/New_York" date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' 'date' has a new option --iso-8601=ns that outputs nanosecond-resolution timestamps. echo -e '\xHH' now outputs a byte whose hexadecimal value is HH, for compatibility with bash. ls now exits with status 1 on minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. ls has a new --hide=PATTERN option that behaves like --ignore=PATTERN, except that it is overridden by -a or -A. This can be useful for aliases, e.g., if lh is an alias for "ls --hide='*~'", then "lh -A" lists the file "README~". In the following cases POSIX allows the default GNU behavior, so when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set: false, printf, true, unlink, and yes all support --help and --option. ls supports TABSIZE. pr no longer depends on LC_TIME for the date format in non-POSIX locales. printf supports \u, \U, \x. tail supports two or more files when using the obsolete option syntax. The usual '--' operand is now supported by chroot, hostid, hostname, pwd, sync, and yes. 'od' now conforms to POSIX better, and is more compatible with BSD: The older syntax "od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]]" now works even without --traditional. This is a change in behavior if there are one or two operands and the last one begins with +, or if there are two operands and the latter one begins with a digit. For example, "od foo 10" and "od +10" now treat the last operand as an offset, not as a file name. -h is no longer documented, and may be withdrawn in future versions. Use -x or -t x2 instead. -i is now equivalent to -t dI (not -t d2), and -l is now equivalent to -t dL (not -t d4). -s is now equivalent to -t d2. The old "-s[NUM]" or "-s NUM" option has been renamed to "-S NUM". The default output format is now -t oS, not -t o2, i.e., short int rather than two-byte int. This makes a difference only on hosts like Cray systems where the C short int type requires more than two bytes. readlink accepts new options: --canonicalize-existing (-e) and --canonicalize-missing (-m). The stat option --filesystem has been renamed to --file-system, for consistency with POSIX "file system" and with cp and du --one-file-system. ** Removed features md5sum and sha1sum's undocumented --string option has been removed. tail's undocumented --max-consecutive-size-changes option has been removed. * Major changes in release 5.2.1 (2004-03-12) [stable] ** Bug fixes mv could mistakenly fail to preserve hard links when moving two or more arguments between partitions. 'cp --sparse=always F /dev/hdx' no longer tries to use lseek to create holes in the destination. nohup now sets the close-on-exec flag for its copy of the stderr file descriptor. This avoids some nohup-induced hangs. For example, before this change, if you ran 'ssh localhost', then 'nohup sleep 600 /dev/null takes about one hour on a 1.6 GHz Athlon 2000 XP. Now it can output 2^53-1 numbers before misbehaving. * Major changes in release 5.1.2 (2004-01-25): ** Bug fixes rmdir -p exits with status 1 on error; formerly it sometimes exited with status 0 when given more than one argument. nohup now always exits with status 127 when it finds an error, as POSIX requires; formerly it sometimes exited with status 1. Several programs (including cut, date, dd, env, hostname, nl, pr, stty, and tr) now always exit with status 1 when they find an error; formerly they sometimes exited with status 2. factor no longer reports a usage error if stdin has the wrong format. paste no longer infloops on ppc systems (bug introduced in 5.1.1) * Major changes in release 5.1.1 (2004-01-17): ** Configuration option You can select the default level of POSIX conformance at configure-time, e.g., by ./configure DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION=199209 ** Bug fixes fold -s works once again on systems with differing sizes for int and size_t (bug introduced in 5.1.0) ** New features touch -r now specifies the origin for any relative times in the -d operand, if both options are given. For example, "touch -r FOO -d '-5 seconds' BAR" sets BAR's modification time to be five seconds before FOO's. join: The obsolete options "-j1 FIELD", "-j2 FIELD", and "-o LIST1 LIST2..." are no longer supported on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems. Portable scripts should use "-1 FIELD", "-2 FIELD", and "-o LIST1,LIST2..." respectively. If join was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, you may enable the old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment. [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.] * Major changes in release 5.1.0 (2003-12-21): ** New features chgrp, chmod, and chown can now process (with -R) hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth. Before, they would fail to operate on any file they encountered with a relative name of length PATH_MAX (often 4096) or longer. chgrp, chmod, chown, and rm accept the new options: --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default) chgrp and chown now accept POSIX-mandated -L, -H, and -P options du can now process hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth. Before, du was limited by the user's stack size and it would get a stack overflow error (often a segmentation fault) when applied to a hierarchy of depth around 30,000 or larger. du works even when run from an inaccessible directory du -D now dereferences all symlinks specified on the command line, not just the ones that reference directories du now accepts -P (--no-dereference), for compatibility with du of NetBSD and for consistency with e.g., chown and chgrp du's -H option will soon have the meaning required by POSIX (--dereference-args, aka -D) rather then the current meaning of --si. Now, using -H elicits a warning to that effect. When given -l and similar options, ls now adjusts the output column widths to fit the data, so that output lines are shorter and have columns that line up better. This may adversely affect shell scripts that expect fixed-width columns, but such shell scripts were not portable anyway, even with old GNU ls where the columns became ragged when a datum was too wide. du accepts a new option, -0/--null, to make it produce NUL-terminated output lines ** Bug fixes printf, seq, tail, and sleep now parse floating-point operands and options in the C locale. POSIX requires this for printf. od -c -w9999999 no longer segfaults csplit no longer reads from freed memory (dumping core on some systems) csplit would mistakenly exhaust virtual memory in some cases ls --width=N (for very large N) is no longer subject to an address arithmetic bug that could result in bounds violations. ls --width=N (with -x or -C) no longer allocates more space (potentially much more) than necessary for a given directory. dd 'unblock' and 'sync' may now be combined (e.g., dd conv=unblock,sync) * Major changes in release 5.0.91 (2003-09-08): ** New features date accepts a new option --rfc-2822, an alias for --rfc-822. split accepts a new option -d or --numeric-suffixes. cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve microsecond resolution on file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimes' system call. Unfortunately there is no system call yet to preserve file timestamps to their full nanosecond resolution; microsecond resolution is the best we can do right now. sort now supports the zero byte (NUL) as a field separator; use -t '\0'. The -t '' option, which formerly had no effect, is now an error. sort option order no longer matters for the options -S, -d, -i, -o, and -t. Stronger options override weaker, and incompatible options are diagnosed. 'sha1sum --check' now accepts the BSD format for SHA1 message digests in addition to the BSD format for MD5 ones. who -l now means 'who --login', not 'who --lookup', per POSIX. who's -l option has been eliciting an unconditional warning about this impending change since sh-utils-2.0.12 (April 2002). ** Bug fixes Mistakenly renaming a file onto itself, e.g., via 'mv B b' when 'B' is the same directory entry as 'b' no longer destroys the directory entry referenced by both 'b' and 'B'. Note that this would happen only on file systems like VFAT where two different names may refer to the same directory entry, usually due to lower->upper case mapping of file names. Now, the above can happen only on file systems that perform name mapping and that support hard links (stat.st_nlink > 1). This mitigates the problem in two ways: few file systems appear to be affected (hpfs and ntfs are), when the bug is triggered, mv no longer removes the last hard link to a file. *** ATTENTION ***: if you know how to distinguish the following two cases without writing to the file system in question, please let me know: 1) B and b refer to the same directory entry on a file system like NTFS (B may well have a link count larger than 1) 2) B and b are hard links to the same file stat no longer overruns a buffer for format strings ending in '%' fold -s -wN would infloop for N < 8 with TABs in the input. E.g., this would not terminate: printf 'a\t' | fold -w2 -s 'split -a0', although of questionable utility, is accepted once again. 'df DIR' used to hang under some conditions on OSF/1 5.1. Now it doesn't. seq's --width (-w) option now works properly even when the endpoint requiring the larger width is negative and smaller than the other endpoint. seq's default step is 1, even if LAST < FIRST. paste no longer mistakenly outputs 0xFF bytes for a nonempty input file without a trailing newline. 'tail -n0 -f FILE' and 'tail -c0 -f FILE' no longer perform what amounted to a busy wait, rather than sleeping between iterations. tail's long-undocumented --allow-missing option now elicits a warning * Major changes in release 5.0.90 (2003-07-29): ** New features sort is now up to 30% more CPU-efficient in some cases 'test' is now more compatible with Bash and POSIX: 'test -t', 'test --help', and 'test --version' now silently exit with status 0. To test whether standard output is a terminal, use 'test -t 1'. To get help and version info for 'test', use '[ --help' and '[ --version'. 'test' now exits with status 2 (not 1) if there is an error. wc count field widths now are heuristically adjusted depending on the input size, if known. If only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. Previously, wc did not align the count fields if POSIXLY_CORRECT was set, but POSIX did not actually require this undesirable behavior, so it has been removed. ** Bug fixes kill no longer tries to operate on argv[0] (introduced in 5.0.1) Why wasn't this noticed? Although many tests use kill, none of them made an effort to avoid using the shell's built-in kill. '[' invoked with no arguments no longer evokes a segfault rm without --recursive (aka -r or -R) no longer prompts regarding unwritable directories, as required by POSIX. uniq -c now uses a SPACE, not a TAB between the count and the corresponding line, as required by POSIX. expr now exits with status 2 if the expression is syntactically valid, and with status 3 if an error occurred. POSIX requires this. expr now reports trouble if string comparison fails due to a collation error. split now generates suffixes properly on EBCDIC hosts. split -a0 now works, as POSIX requires. 'sort --version' and 'sort --help' fail, as they should when their output is redirected to /dev/full. 'su --version > /dev/full' now fails, as it should. ** Fewer arbitrary limitations cut requires 97% less memory when very large field numbers or byte offsets are specified. * Major changes in release 5.0.1 (2003-07-15): ** New programs - new program: '[' (much like 'test') ** New features - head now accepts --lines=-N (--bytes=-N) to print all but the N lines (bytes) at the end of the file - md5sum --check now accepts the output of the BSD md5sum program, e.g., MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e - date -d DATE can now parse a DATE string like May-23-2003 - chown: '.' is no longer recognized as a separator in the OWNER:GROUP specifier on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems. If chown *was not* compiled on such a system, then it still accepts '.', by default. If chown was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, then you may enable the old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment. - chown no longer tries to preserve set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits; on some systems, the chown syscall resets those bits, and previous versions of the chown command would call chmod to restore the original, pre-chown(2) settings, but that behavior is problematic. 1) There was a window whereby a malicious user, M, could subvert a chown command run by some other user and operating on files in a directory where M has write access. 2) Before (and even now, on systems with chown(2) that doesn't reset those bits), an unwary admin. could use chown unwittingly to create e.g., a set-user-ID root copy of /bin/sh. ** Bug fixes - chown --dereference no longer leaks a file descriptor per symlink processed - 'du /' once again prints the '/' on the last line - split's --verbose option works once again [broken in 4.5.10 and 5.0] - tail -f is no longer subject to a race condition that could make it delay displaying the last part of a file that had stopped growing. That bug could also make tail -f give an unwarranted 'file truncated' warning. - du no longer runs out of file descriptors unnecessarily - df and 'readlink --canonicalize' no longer corrupt the heap on non-glibc, non-solaris systems - 'env -u UNSET_VARIABLE' no longer dumps core on non-glibc systems - readlink's --canonicalize option now works on systems like Solaris that lack the canonicalize_file_name function but do have resolvepath. - mv now removes 'a' in this example on all systems: touch a; ln a b; mv a b This behavior is contrary to POSIX (which requires that the mv command do nothing and exit successfully), but I suspect POSIX will change. - date's %r format directive now honors locale settings - date's '-' (no-pad) format flag now affects the space-padded-by-default conversion specifiers, %e, %k, %l - fmt now diagnoses invalid obsolescent width specifications like '-72x' - fmt now exits nonzero when unable to open an input file - tsort now fails when given an odd number of input tokens, as required by POSIX. Before, it would act as if the final token appeared one additional time. ** Fewer arbitrary limitations - tail's byte and line counts are no longer limited to OFF_T_MAX. Now the limit is UINTMAX_MAX (usually 2^64). - split can now handle --bytes=N and --lines=N with N=2^31 or more. ** Portability - 'kill -t' now prints signal descriptions (rather than '?') on systems like Tru64 with __sys_siglist but no strsignal function. - stat.c now compiles on Ultrix systems - sleep now works on AIX systems that lack support for clock_gettime - rm now works around Darwin6.5's broken readdir function Before 'rm -rf DIR' would fail to remove all files in DIR if there were more than 338. * Major changes in release 5.0 (2003-04-02): - false --help now exits nonzero [4.5.12] * printf no longer treats \x specially when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set * printf avoids buffer overrun with format ending in a backslash and * printf avoids buffer overrun with incomplete conversion specifier * printf accepts multiple flags in a single conversion specifier [4.5.11] * seq no longer requires that a field width be specified * seq no longer fails when given a field width of '0' * seq now accepts " " and "'" as valid format flag characters * df now shows a HOSTNAME: prefix for each remote-mounted file system on AIX 5.1 * portability tweaks for HP-UX, AIX 5.1, DJGPP [4.5.10] * printf no longer segfaults for a negative field width or precision * shred now always enables --exact for non-regular files * du no longer lists hard-linked files more than once * du no longer dumps core on some systems due to "infinite" recursion via nftw's use of the buggy replacement function in getcwd.c * portability patches for a few vendor compilers and 64-bit systems * du -S *really* now works like it did before the change in 4.5.5 [4.5.9] * du no longer truncates file sizes or sums to fit in 32-bit size_t * work around Linux kernel bug in getcwd (fixed in 2.4.21-pre4), so that pwd now fails if the name of the working directory is so long that getcwd truncates it. Before it would print the truncated name and exit successfully. * 'df /some/mount-point' no longer hangs on a GNU libc system when another hard-mounted NFS file system (preceding /some/mount-point in /proc/mounts) is inaccessible. * rm -rf now gives an accurate diagnostic when failing to remove a file under certain unusual conditions * mv and 'cp --preserve=links' now preserve multiple hard links even under certain unusual conditions where they used to fail [4.5.8] * du -S once again works like it did before the change in 4.5.5 * stat accepts a new file format, %B, for the size of each block reported by %b * du accepts new option: --apparent-size * du --bytes (-b) works the same way it did in fileutils-3.16 and before * du reports proper sizes for directories (not zero) (broken in 4.5.6 or 4.5.7) * df now always displays under 'Filesystem', the device file name corresponding to the listed mount point. Before, for a block- or character- special file command line argument, df would display that argument. E.g., 'df /dev/hda' would list '/dev/hda' as the 'Filesystem', rather than say /dev/hda3 (the device on which '/' is mounted), as it does now. * test now works properly when invoked from a set user ID or set group ID context and when testing access to files subject to alternate protection mechanisms. For example, without this change, a set-UID program that invoked 'test -w F' (to see if F is writable) could mistakenly report that it *was* writable, even though F was on a read-only file system, or F had an ACL prohibiting write access, or F was marked as immutable. [4.5.7] * du would fail with more than one DIR argument when any but the last did not contain a slash (due to a bug in ftw.c) [4.5.6] * du no longer segfaults on Solaris systems (fixed heap-corrupting bug in ftw.c) * du --exclude=FILE works once again (this was broken by the rewrite for 4.5.5) * du no longer gets a failed assertion for certain hierarchy lay-outs involving hard-linked directories * 'who -r' no longer segfaults when using non-C-locale messages * df now displays a mount point (usually '/') for non-mounted character-special and block files [4.5.5] * ls --dired produces correct byte offset for file names containing nonprintable characters in a multibyte locale * du has been rewritten to use a variant of GNU libc's ftw.c * du now counts the space associated with a directory's directory entry, even if it cannot list or chdir into that subdirectory. * du -S now includes the st_size of each entry corresponding to a subdirectory * rm on FreeBSD can once again remove directories from NFS-mounted file systems * ls has a new option --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir, which corresponds to the new default behavior when none of -d, -l -F, -H, -L has been specified. * ls dangling-symlink now prints 'dangling-symlink'. Before, it would fail with 'no such file or directory'. * ls -s symlink-to-non-dir and ls -i symlink-to-non-dir now print attributes of 'symlink', rather than attributes of their referents. * Fix a bug introduced in 4.5.4 that made it so that ls --color would no longer highlight the names of files with the execute bit set when not specified on the command line. * shred's --zero (-z) option no longer gobbles up any following argument. Before, 'shred --zero file' would produce 'shred: missing file argument', and worse, 'shred --zero f1 f2 ...' would appear to work, but would leave the first file untouched. * readlink: new program * cut: new feature: when used to select ranges of byte offsets (as opposed to ranges of fields) and when --output-delimiter=STRING is specified, output STRING between ranges of selected bytes. * rm -r can no longer be tricked into mistakenly reporting a cycle. * when rm detects a directory cycle, it no longer aborts the entire command, but rather merely stops processing the affected command line argument. [4.5.4] * cp no longer fails to parse options like this: --preserve=mode,ownership * 'ls --color -F symlink-to-dir' works properly * ls is much more efficient on directories with valid dirent.d_type. * stty supports all baud rates defined in linux-2.4.19. * 'du symlink-to-dir/' would improperly remove the trailing slash * 'du ""' would evoke a bounds violation. * In the unlikely event that running 'du /' resulted in 'stat ("/", ...)' failing, du would give a diagnostic about '' (empty string) rather than '/'. * printf: a hexadecimal escape sequence has at most two hex. digits, not three. * The following features have been added to the --block-size option and similar environment variables of df, du, and ls. - A leading "'" generates numbers with thousands separators. For example: $ ls -l --block-size="'1" file -rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 47,483,707 Sep 24 23:40 file - A size suffix without a leading integer generates a suffix in the output. For example: $ ls -l --block-size="K" -rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 46371K Sep 24 23:40 file * ls's --block-size option now affects file sizes in all cases, not just for --block-size=human-readable and --block-size=si. Fractional sizes are now always rounded up, for consistency with df and du. * df now displays the block size using powers of 1000 if the requested block size seems to be a multiple of a power of 1000. * nl no longer gets a segfault when run like this 'yes|nl -s%n' [4.5.3] * du --dereference-args (-D) no longer fails in certain cases * 'ln --target-dir=DIR' no longer fails when given a single argument [4.5.2] * 'rm -i dir' (without --recursive (-r)) no longer recurses into dir * 'tail -c N FILE' now works with files of size >= 4GB * 'mkdir -p' can now create very deep (e.g. 40,000-component) directories * rmdir -p dir-with-trailing-slash/ no longer fails * printf now honors the '--' command line delimiter * od's 8-byte formats x8, o8, and u8 now work * tail now accepts fractional seconds for its --sleep-interval=S (-s) option [4.5.1] * du and ls now report sizes of symbolic links (before they'd always report 0) * uniq now obeys the LC_COLLATE locale, as per POSIX 1003.1-2001 TC1. ======================================================================== Here are the NEWS entries made from fileutils-4.1 until the point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils: [4.1.11] * 'rm symlink-to-unwritable' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.10] [4.1.10] * rm once again gives a reasonable diagnostic when failing to remove a file owned by someone else in a sticky directory [introduced in 4.1.9] * df now rounds all quantities up, as per POSIX. * New ls time style: long-iso, which generates YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM. * Any time style can be preceded by "posix-"; this causes "ls" to use traditional timestamp format when in the POSIX locale. * The default time style is now posix-long-iso instead of posix-iso. Set TIME_STYLE="posix-iso" to revert to the behavior of 4.1.1 through 4.1.9. * 'rm dangling-symlink' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.9] * stat: remove support for --secure/-s option and related %S and %C format specs * stat: rename --link/-l to --dereference/-L. The old options will continue to work for a while. [4.1.9] * rm can now remove very deep hierarchies, in spite of any limit on stack size * new programs: link, unlink, and stat * New ls option: --author (for the Hurd). * 'touch -c no-such-file' no longer fails, per POSIX [4.1.8] * mv no longer mistakenly creates links to preexisting destination files that aren't moved [4.1.7] * rm: close a hole that would allow a running rm process to be subverted [4.1.6] * New cp option: --copy-contents. * cp -r is now equivalent to cp -R. Use cp -R -L --copy-contents to get the traditional (and rarely desirable) cp -r behavior. * ls now accepts --time-style=+FORMAT, where +FORMAT works like date's format * The obsolete usage 'touch [-acm] MMDDhhmm[YY] FILE...' is no longer supported on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. Use touch -t instead. * cp and inter-partition mv no longer give a misleading diagnostic in some unusual cases [4.1.5] * cp -r no longer preserves symlinks * The block size notation is now compatible with SI and with IEC 60027-2. For example, --block-size=1MB now means --block-size=1000000, whereas --block-size=1MiB now means --block-size=1048576. A missing 'B' (e.g. '1M') has the same meaning as before. A trailing 'B' now means decimal, not binary; this is a silent change. The nonstandard 'D' suffix (e.g. '1MD') is now obsolescent. * -H or --si now outputs the trailing 'B', for consistency with the above. * Programs now output trailing 'K' (not 'k') to mean 1024, as per IEC 60027-2. * New df, du short option -B is short for --block-size. * You can omit an integer '1' before a block size suffix, e.g. 'df -BG' is equivalent to 'df -B 1G' and to 'df --block-size=1G'. * The following options are now obsolescent, as their names are incompatible with IEC 60027-2: df, du: -m or --megabytes (use -BM or --block-size=1M) df, du, ls: --kilobytes (use --block-size=1K) [4.1.4] * df --local no longer lists smbfs file systems whose name starts with // * dd now detects the Linux/tape/lseek bug at run time and warns about it. [4.1.3] * ls -R once again outputs a blank line between per-directory groups of files. This was broken by the cycle-detection change in 4.1.1. * dd once again uses 'lseek' on character devices like /dev/mem and /dev/kmem. On systems with the linux kernel (at least up to 2.4.16), dd must still resort to emulating 'skip=N' behavior using reads on tape devices, because lseek has no effect, yet appears to succeed. This may be a kernel bug. [4.1.2] * cp no longer fails when two or more source files are the same; now it just gives a warning and doesn't copy the file the second time. E.g., cp a a d/ produces this: cp: warning: source file `a' specified more than once * chmod would set the wrong bit when given symbolic mode strings like these: g=o, o=g, o=u. E.g., 'chmod a=,o=w,ug=o f' would give a mode of --w-r---w- rather than --w--w--w-. [4.1.1] * mv (likewise for cp), now fails rather than silently clobbering one of the source files in the following example: rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; mv a/f b/f c * ls -R detects directory cycles, per POSIX. It warns and doesn't infloop. * cp's -P option now means the same as --no-dereference, per POSIX. Use --parents to get the old meaning. * When copying with the -H and -L options, cp can preserve logical links between source files with --preserve=links * cp accepts new options: --preserve[={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}] --no-preserve={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all} * cp's -p and --preserve options remain unchanged and are equivalent to '--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps' * mv and cp accept a new option: --reply={yes,no,query}; provides a consistent mechanism to control whether one is prompted about certain existing destination files. Note that cp's and mv's -f options don't have the same meaning: cp's -f option no longer merely turns off '-i'. * remove portability limitations (e.g., PATH_MAX on the Hurd, fixes for 64-bit systems) * mv now prompts before overwriting an existing, unwritable destination file when stdin is a tty, unless --force (-f) is specified, as per POSIX. * mv: fix the bug whereby 'mv -uf source dest' would delete source, even though it's older than dest. * chown's --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP option now works * cp now ensures that the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are cleared for the destination file when when copying and not preserving permissions. * 'ln -f --backup k k' gives a clearer diagnostic * ls no longer truncates user names or group names that are longer than 8 characters. * ls's new --dereference-command-line option causes it to dereference symbolic links on the command-line only. It is the default unless one of the -d, -F, or -l options are given. * ls -H now means the same as ls --dereference-command-line, as per POSIX. * ls -g now acts like ls -l, except it does not display owner, as per POSIX. * ls -n now implies -l, as per POSIX. * ls can now display dates and times in one of four time styles: - The 'full-iso' time style gives full ISO-style timestamps like '2001-05-14 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. - The 'iso' time style gives ISO-style timestamps like '2001-05-14 ' and '05-14 23:45'. - The 'locale' time style gives locale-dependent timestamps like 'touko 14 2001' and 'touko 14 23:45' (in a Finnish locale). - The 'posix-iso' time style gives traditional POSIX-locale timestamps like 'May 14 2001' and 'May 14 23:45' unless the user specifies a non-POSIX locale, in which case it uses ISO-style dates. This is the default. You can specify a time style with an option like --time-style='iso' or with an environment variable like TIME_STYLE='iso'. GNU Emacs 21 and later can parse ISO dates, but older Emacs versions cannot, so if you are using an older version of Emacs outside the default POSIX locale, you may need to set TIME_STYLE="locale". * --full-time is now an alias for "-l --time-style=full-iso". ======================================================================== Here are the NEWS entries made from sh-utils-2.0 until the point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils: [2.0.15] * date no longer accepts e.g., September 31 in the MMDDhhmm syntax * fix a bug in this package's .m4 files and in configure.ac [2.0.14] * nohup's behavior is changed as follows, to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001: - nohup no longer adjusts scheduling priority; use "nice" for that. - nohup now redirects stderr to stdout, if stderr is not a terminal. - nohup exit status is now 126 if command was found but not invoked, 127 if nohup failed or if command was not found. [2.0.13] * uname and uptime work better on *BSD systems * pathchk now exits nonzero for a path with a directory component that specifies a non-directory [2.0.12] * kill: new program * who accepts new options: --all (-a), --boot (-b), --dead (-d), --login, --process (-p), --runlevel (-r), --short (-s), --time (-t), --users (-u). The -u option now produces POSIX-specified results and is the same as the long option '--users'. --idle is no longer the same as -u. * The following changes apply on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001: - 'date -I' is no longer supported. Instead, use 'date --iso-8601'. - 'nice -NUM' is no longer supported. Instead, use 'nice -n NUM'. [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.] * New 'uname' options -i or --hardware-platform, and -o or --operating-system. 'uname -a' now outputs -i and -o information at the end. New uname option --kernel-version is an alias for -v. Uname option --release has been renamed to --kernel-release, and --sysname has been renamed to --kernel-name; the old options will work for a while, but are no longer documented. * 'expr' now uses the LC_COLLATE locale for string comparison, as per POSIX. * 'expr' now requires '+' rather than 'quote' to quote tokens; this removes an incompatibility with POSIX. * date -d 'last friday' would print a date/time that was one hour off (e.g., 23:00 on *thursday* rather than 00:00 of the preceding friday) when run such that the current time and the target date/time fall on opposite sides of a daylight savings time transition. This problem arose only with relative date strings like 'last monday'. It was not a problem with strings that include absolute dates. * factor is twice as fast, for large numbers [2.0.11] * setting the date now works properly, even when using -u * 'date -f - < /dev/null' no longer dumps core * some DOS/Windows portability changes [2.0j] * 'date -d DATE' now parses certain relative DATEs correctly [2.0i] * fixed a bug introduced in 2.0h that made many programs fail with a 'write error' when invoked with the --version option [2.0h] * all programs fail when printing --help or --version output to a full device * printf exits nonzero upon write failure * yes now detects and terminates upon write failure * date --rfc-822 now always emits day and month names from the 'C' locale * portability tweaks for Solaris8, Ultrix, and DOS [2.0g] * date now handles two-digit years with leading zeros correctly. * printf interprets unicode, \uNNNN \UNNNNNNNN, on systems with the required support; from Bruno Haible. * stty's rprnt attribute now works on HPUX 10.20 * seq's --equal-width option works more portably [2.0f] * fix build problems with ut_name vs. ut_user [2.0e] * stty: fix long-standing bug that caused test failures on at least HPUX systems when COLUMNS was set to zero * still more portability fixes * unified lib/: now that directory and most of the configuration framework is common between fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils [2.0d] * fix portability problem with sleep vs lib/strtod.c's requirement for -lm [2.0c] * fix portability problems with nanosleep.c and with the new code in sleep.c [2.0b] * Regenerate lib/Makefile.in so that nanosleep.c is distributed. [2.0a] * sleep accepts floating point arguments on command line * sleep's clock continues counting down when sleep is suspended * when a suspended sleep process is resumed, it continues sleeping if there is any time remaining * who once again prints whatever host information it has, even without --lookup ======================================================================== For older NEWS entries for the fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils packages, see ./old/*/NEWS. This package began as the union of the following: textutils-2.1, fileutils-4.1.11, sh-utils-2.0.15. ======================================================================== Copyright (C) 2001-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the "GNU Free Documentation License" file as part of this distribution. PKV@2]XΑ[n[n ABOUT-NLSnu[1 Notes on the Free Translation Project *************************************** Free software is going international! The Free Translation Project is a way to get maintainers of free software, translators, and users all together, so that free software will gradually become able to speak many languages. A few packages already provide translations for their messages. If you found this `ABOUT-NLS' file inside a distribution, you may assume that the distributed package does use GNU `gettext' internally, itself available at your nearest GNU archive site. But you do _not_ need to install GNU `gettext' prior to configuring, installing or using this package with messages translated. Installers will find here some useful hints. These notes also explain how users should proceed for getting the programs to use the available translations. They tell how people wanting to contribute and work on translations can contact the appropriate team. 1.1 INSTALL Matters =================== Some packages are "localizable" when properly installed; the programs they contain can be made to speak your own native language. Most such packages use GNU `gettext'. Other packages have their own ways to internationalization, predating GNU `gettext'. By default, this package will be installed to allow translation of messages. It will automatically detect whether the system already provides the GNU `gettext' functions. Installers may use special options at configuration time for changing the default behaviour. The command: ./configure --disable-nls will _totally_ disable translation of messages. When you already have GNU `gettext' installed on your system and run configure without an option for your new package, `configure' will probably detect the previously built and installed `libintl' library and will decide to use it. If not, you may have to to use the `--with-libintl-prefix' option to tell `configure' where to look for it. Internationalized packages usually have many `po/LL.po' files, where LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. Unless translations have been forbidden at `configure' time by using the `--disable-nls' switch, all available translations are installed together with the package. However, the environment variable `LINGUAS' may be set, prior to configuration, to limit the installed set. `LINGUAS' should then contain a space separated list of two-letter codes, stating which languages are allowed. 1.2 Using This Package ====================== As a user, if your language has been installed for this package, you only have to set the `LANG' environment variable to the appropriate `LL_CC' combination. If you happen to have the `LC_ALL' or some other `LC_xxx' environment variables set, you should unset them before setting `LANG', otherwise the setting of `LANG' will not have the desired effect. Here `LL' is an ISO 639 two-letter language code, and `CC' is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code. For example, let's suppose that you speak German and live in Germany. At the shell prompt, merely execute `setenv LANG de_DE' (in `csh'), `export LANG; LANG=de_DE' (in `sh') or `export LANG=de_DE' (in `bash'). This can be done from your `.login' or `.profile' file, once and for all. You might think that the country code specification is redundant. But in fact, some languages have dialects in different countries. For example, `de_AT' is used for Austria, and `pt_BR' for Brazil. The country code serves to distinguish the dialects. The locale naming convention of `LL_CC', with `LL' denoting the language and `CC' denoting the country, is the one use on systems based on GNU libc. On other systems, some variations of this scheme are used, such as `LL' or `LL_CC.ENCODING'. You can get the list of locales supported by your system for your language by running the command `locale -a | grep '^LL''. Not all programs have translations for all languages. By default, an English message is shown in place of a nonexistent translation. If you understand other languages, you can set up a priority list of languages. This is done through a different environment variable, called `LANGUAGE'. GNU `gettext' gives preference to `LANGUAGE' over `LANG' for the purpose of message handling, but you still need to have `LANG' set to the primary language; this is required by other parts of the system libraries. For example, some Swedish users who would rather read translations in German than English for when Swedish is not available, set `LANGUAGE' to `sv:de' while leaving `LANG' to `sv_SE'. Special advice for Norwegian users: The language code for Norwegian bokma*l changed from `no' to `nb' recently (in 2003). During the transition period, while some message catalogs for this language are installed under `nb' and some older ones under `no', it's recommended for Norwegian users to set `LANGUAGE' to `nb:no' so that both newer and older translations are used. In the `LANGUAGE' environment variable, but not in the `LANG' environment variable, `LL_CC' combinations can be abbreviated as `LL' to denote the language's main dialect. For example, `de' is equivalent to `de_DE' (German as spoken in Germany), and `pt' to `pt_PT' (Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context. 1.3 Translating Teams ===================== For the Free Translation Project to be a success, we need interested people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language. Each translation team has its own mailing list. The up-to-date list of teams can be found at the Free Translation Project's homepage, `http://translationproject.org/', in the "Teams" area. If you'd like to volunteer to _work_ at translating messages, you should become a member of the translating team for your own language. The subscribing address is _not_ the same as the list itself, it has `-request' appended. For example, speakers of Swedish can send a message to `sv-request@li.org', having this message body: subscribe Keep in mind that team members are expected to participate _actively_ in translations, or at solving translational difficulties, rather than merely lurking around. If your team does not exist yet and you want to start one, or if you are unsure about what to do or how to get started, please write to `coordinator@translationproject.org' to reach the coordinator for all translator teams. The English team is special. It works at improving and uniformizing the terminology in use. Proven linguistic skills are praised more than programming skills, here. 1.4 Available Packages ====================== Languages are not equally supported in all packages. The following matrix shows the current state of internationalization, as of June 2010. The matrix shows, in regard of each package, for which languages PO files have been submitted to translation coordination, with a translation percentage of at least 50%. Ready PO files af am an ar as ast az be be@latin bg bn_IN bs ca +--------------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] [] | aegis | | ant-phone | | anubis | | aspell | [] [] | bash | | bfd | | bibshelf | [] | binutils | | bison | | bison-runtime | [] | bluez-pin | [] [] | bombono-dvd | | buzztard | | cflow | | clisp | | coreutils | [] [] | cpio | | cppi | | cpplib | [] | cryptsetup | | dfarc | | dialog | [] [] | dico | | diffutils | [] | dink | | doodle | | e2fsprogs | [] | enscript | [] | exif | | fetchmail | [] | findutils | [] | flex | [] | freedink | | gas | | gawk | [] [] | gcal | [] | gcc | | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] | gip | [] | gjay | | gliv | [] | glunarclock | [] [] | gnubiff | | gnucash | [] | gnuedu | | gnulib | | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | | gold | | gpe-aerial | | gpe-beam | | gpe-bluetooth | | gpe-calendar | | gpe-clock | [] | gpe-conf | | gpe-contacts | | gpe-edit | | gpe-filemanager | | gpe-go | | gpe-login | | gpe-ownerinfo | [] | gpe-package | | gpe-sketchbook | | gpe-su | [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] | gpe-timesheet | [] | gpe-today | [] | gpe-todo | | gphoto2 | | gprof | [] | gpsdrive | | gramadoir | | grep | | grub | [] [] | gsasl | | gss | | gst-plugins-bad | [] | gst-plugins-base | [] | gst-plugins-good | [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] | gtick | | gtkam | [] | gtkorphan | [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] | gutenprint | | hello | [] | help2man | | hylafax | | idutils | | indent | [] [] | iso_15924 | | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | | iso_4217 | | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] | iso_639_3 | | jwhois | | kbd | | keytouch | [] | keytouch-editor | | keytouch-keyboa... | [] | klavaro | [] | latrine | | ld | [] | leafpad | [] [] | libc | [] [] | libexif | () | libextractor | | libgnutls | | libgpewidget | | libgpg-error | | libgphoto2 | | libgphoto2_port | | libgsasl | | libiconv | [] | libidn | | lifelines | | liferea | [] [] | lilypond | | linkdr | [] | lordsawar | | lprng | | lynx | [] | m4 | | mailfromd | | mailutils | | make | | man-db | | man-db-manpages | | minicom | | mkisofs | | myserver | | nano | [] [] | opcodes | | parted | | pies | | popt | | psmisc | | pspp | [] | pwdutils | | radius | [] | recode | [] [] | rosegarden | | rpm | | rush | | sarg | | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] | sed | [] [] | sharutils | [] [] | shishi | | skencil | | solfege | | solfege-manual | | soundtracker | | sp | | sysstat | | tar | [] | texinfo | | tin | | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux-ng | [] | vice | | vmm | | vorbis-tools | | wastesedge | | wdiff | | wget | [] [] | wyslij-po | | xchat | [] [] [] [] | xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] | +--------------------------------------------------+ af am an ar as ast az be be@latin bg bn_IN bs ca 6 0 1 2 3 19 1 10 3 28 3 1 38 crh cs da de el en en_GB en_ZA eo es et eu fa +-------------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | aegis | [] [] [] | ant-phone | [] () | anubis | [] [] | aspell | [] [] [] [] [] | bash | [] [] [] | bfd | [] | bibshelf | [] [] [] | binutils | [] | bison | [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] | bombono-dvd | [] | buzztard | [] [] [] | cflow | [] [] | clisp | [] [] [] [] | coreutils | [] [] [] [] | cpio | | cppi | | cpplib | [] [] [] | cryptsetup | [] | dfarc | [] [] [] | dialog | [] [] [] [] [] | dico | | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | dink | [] [] [] | doodle | [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] | exif | () [] [] | fetchmail | [] [] () [] [] [] | findutils | [] [] [] | flex | [] [] | freedink | [] [] [] | gas | [] | gawk | [] [] [] | gcal | [] | gcc | [] [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] [] | gip | [] [] [] [] | gjay | [] | gliv | [] [] [] | glunarclock | [] [] | gnubiff | () | gnucash | [] () () () () | gnuedu | [] [] | gnulib | [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | [] | gnutls | [] [] | gold | [] | gpe-aerial | [] [] [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] [] [] | gpe-bluetooth | [] [] | gpe-calendar | [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] [] | gpe-edit | [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] [] [] | gphoto2 | [] [] () [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] [] | gpsdrive | [] [] [] | gramadoir | [] [] [] | grep | [] | grub | [] [] | gsasl | [] | gss | | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] [] [] | gtick | [] () [] | gtkam | [] [] () [] [] | gtkorphan | [] [] [] [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] [] [] | hello | [] [] [] [] | help2man | [] | hylafax | [] [] | idutils | [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | [] () [] [] | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] () [] [] [] () | iso_3166_2 | () | iso_4217 | [] [] [] () [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] () [] [] | iso_639_3 | [] | jwhois | [] | kbd | [] [] [] [] [] | keytouch | [] [] | keytouch-editor | [] [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] | klavaro | [] [] [] [] | latrine | [] () | ld | [] [] | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | libc | [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] [] () | libextractor | | libgnutls | [] | libgpewidget | [] [] | libgpg-error | [] [] | libgphoto2 | [] () | libgphoto2_port | [] () [] | libgsasl | | libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] | libidn | [] [] [] | lifelines | [] () | liferea | [] [] [] [] [] | lilypond | [] [] [] | linkdr | [] [] [] | lordsawar | [] | lprng | | lynx | [] [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | | mailutils | [] | make | [] [] [] | man-db | | man-db-manpages | | minicom | [] [] [] [] | mkisofs | | myserver | | nano | [] [] [] | opcodes | [] [] | parted | [] [] | pies | | popt | [] [] [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] [] | pspp | [] | pwdutils | [] | radius | [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] | rosegarden | () () () | rpm | [] [] [] | rush | | sarg | | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] | shishi | | skencil | [] () [] | solfege | [] [] [] | solfege-manual | [] [] | soundtracker | [] [] [] | sp | [] | sysstat | [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] | tin | [] [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] | vice | () () | vmm | [] | vorbis-tools | [] [] | wastesedge | [] | wdiff | [] [] | wget | [] [] [] | wyslij-po | | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] | xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] [] [] [] | +-------------------------------------------------+ crh cs da de el en en_GB en_ZA eo es et eu fa 5 64 105 117 18 1 8 0 28 89 18 19 0 fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu hy id is it ja ka kn +----------------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] [] [] [] | aegis | [] [] | ant-phone | [] [] | anubis | [] [] [] [] | aspell | [] [] [] [] | bash | [] [] [] [] | bfd | [] [] [] | bibshelf | [] [] [] [] [] | binutils | [] [] [] | bison | [] [] [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | bombono-dvd | [] | buzztard | [] | cflow | [] [] [] | clisp | [] | coreutils | [] [] [] [] [] | cpio | [] [] [] [] | cppi | [] [] | cpplib | [] [] [] | cryptsetup | [] [] [] | dfarc | [] [] [] | dialog | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | dico | | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | dink | [] | doodle | [] [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] [] | exif | [] [] [] [] [] [] | fetchmail | [] [] [] [] | findutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | flex | [] [] [] | freedink | [] [] [] | gas | [] [] | gawk | [] [] [] [] () [] | gcal | [] | gcc | [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] | gip | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gjay | [] | gliv | [] () | glunarclock | [] [] [] [] | gnubiff | () [] () | gnucash | () () () () () [] | gnuedu | [] [] | gnulib | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | [] | gnutls | [] [] | gold | [] [] | gpe-aerial | [] [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] [] [] | gpe-bluetooth | [] [] [] [] | gpe-calendar | [] [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] [] [] | gpe-edit | [] [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] [] [] | gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] [] [] | gpsdrive | [] [] [] | gramadoir | [] [] [] | grep | [] [] | grub | [] [] [] [] | gsasl | [] [] [] [] [] | gss | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] [] [] | gtick | [] [] [] [] [] | gtkam | [] [] [] [] [] | gtkorphan | [] [] [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] [] [] [] | hello | [] [] [] | help2man | [] [] | hylafax | [] | idutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | [] () [] [] | iso_3166 | [] () [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | () [] [] [] | iso_4217 | [] () [] [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] () [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_639_3 | () [] [] | jwhois | [] [] [] [] [] | kbd | [] [] | keytouch | [] [] [] [] [] [] | keytouch-editor | [] [] [] [] [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] [] [] [] [] | klavaro | [] [] | latrine | [] [] [] | ld | [] [] [] [] | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] () | libc | [] [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] | libextractor | | libgnutls | [] [] | libgpewidget | [] [] [] [] | libgpg-error | [] [] | libgphoto2 | [] [] [] | libgphoto2_port | [] [] [] | libgsasl | [] [] [] [] [] | libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] [] | libidn | [] [] [] [] | lifelines | () | liferea | [] [] [] [] | lilypond | [] [] | linkdr | [] [] [] [] [] | lordsawar | | lprng | [] | lynx | [] [] [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | | mailutils | [] [] | make | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | man-db | [] [] | man-db-manpages | [] | minicom | [] [] [] [] [] | mkisofs | [] [] [] [] | myserver | | nano | [] [] [] [] [] [] | opcodes | [] [] [] [] | parted | [] [] [] [] | pies | | popt | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] [] | pspp | | pwdutils | [] [] | radius | [] [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | rosegarden | () () () () () | rpm | [] [] | rush | | sarg | [] | screem | [] [] | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | shishi | [] | skencil | [] | solfege | [] [] [] [] | solfege-manual | [] [] | soundtracker | [] [] | sp | [] () | sysstat | [] [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] [] | tin | [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | [] [] | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] [] [] | vice | () () () | vmm | [] | vorbis-tools | [] | wastesedge | () () | wdiff | [] | wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | wyslij-po | [] [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] [] [] | +----------------------------------------------------+ fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu hy id is it ja ka kn 105 121 53 20 4 8 3 5 53 2 120 5 84 67 0 4 ko ku ky lg lt lv mk ml mn mr ms mt nb nds ne +-----------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] | aegis | | ant-phone | | anubis | [] [] | aspell | [] | bash | | bfd | | bibshelf | [] [] | binutils | | bison | [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] | bombono-dvd | | buzztard | | cflow | | clisp | | coreutils | [] | cpio | | cppi | | cpplib | | cryptsetup | | dfarc | [] | dialog | [] [] [] [] [] | dico | | diffutils | [] [] | dink | | doodle | | e2fsprogs | | enscript | | exif | [] | fetchmail | | findutils | | flex | | freedink | [] | gas | | gawk | | gcal | | gcc | | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] | gettext-tools | [] | gip | [] [] | gjay | | gliv | | glunarclock | [] | gnubiff | | gnucash | () () () () | gnuedu | | gnulib | | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | [] | gold | | gpe-aerial | [] | gpe-beam | [] | gpe-bluetooth | [] [] | gpe-calendar | [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] | gpe-edit | [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] [] | gphoto2 | | gprof | [] | gpsdrive | | gramadoir | | grep | | grub | | gsasl | | gss | | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] [] | gstreamer | | gtick | | gtkam | [] | gtkorphan | [] [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | | hello | [] [] [] | help2man | | hylafax | | idutils | | indent | | iso_15924 | [] [] | iso_3166 | [] [] () [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | | iso_4217 | [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] | iso_639_3 | [] | jwhois | [] | kbd | | keytouch | [] | keytouch-editor | [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] | klavaro | [] | latrine | [] | ld | | leafpad | [] [] [] | libc | [] | libexif | | libextractor | | libgnutls | [] | libgpewidget | [] [] | libgpg-error | | libgphoto2 | | libgphoto2_port | | libgsasl | | libiconv | | libidn | | lifelines | | liferea | | lilypond | | linkdr | | lordsawar | | lprng | | lynx | | m4 | | mailfromd | | mailutils | | make | [] | man-db | | man-db-manpages | | minicom | [] | mkisofs | | myserver | | nano | [] [] | opcodes | | parted | | pies | | popt | [] [] [] | psmisc | | pspp | | pwdutils | | radius | | recode | | rosegarden | | rpm | | rush | | sarg | | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] | sed | | sharutils | | shishi | | skencil | | solfege | [] | solfege-manual | | soundtracker | | sp | | sysstat | [] | tar | [] | texinfo | [] | tin | | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux-ng | | vice | | vmm | | vorbis-tools | | wastesedge | | wdiff | | wget | [] | wyslij-po | | xchat | [] [] [] | xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | +-----------------------------------------------+ ko ku ky lg lt lv mk ml mn mr ms mt nb nds ne 20 5 10 1 13 48 4 2 2 4 24 10 20 3 1 nl nn or pa pl ps pt pt_BR ro ru rw sk sl sq sr +---------------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | aegis | [] [] [] | ant-phone | [] [] | anubis | [] [] [] | aspell | [] [] [] [] [] | bash | [] [] | bfd | [] | bibshelf | [] [] | binutils | [] [] | bison | [] [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | bombono-dvd | [] () | buzztard | [] [] | cflow | [] | clisp | [] [] | coreutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | cpio | [] [] [] | cppi | [] | cpplib | [] | cryptsetup | [] | dfarc | [] | dialog | [] [] [] [] | dico | [] | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | dink | () | doodle | [] [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] [] [] | exif | [] [] [] () [] | fetchmail | [] [] [] [] | findutils | [] [] [] [] [] | flex | [] [] [] [] [] | freedink | [] [] | gas | | gawk | [] [] [] [] | gcal | | gcc | [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gip | [] [] [] [] [] | gjay | | gliv | [] [] [] [] [] [] | glunarclock | [] [] [] [] [] | gnubiff | [] () | gnucash | [] () () () | gnuedu | [] | gnulib | [] [] [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | [] [] | gold | | gpe-aerial | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-bluetooth | [] [] | gpe-calendar | [] [] [] [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-edit | [] [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] [] [] [] [] | gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] [] | gpsdrive | [] [] | gramadoir | [] [] | grep | [] [] [] [] | grub | [] [] [] | gsasl | [] [] [] [] | gss | [] [] [] | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] [] [] | gtick | [] [] [] | gtkam | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gtkorphan | [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] [] | hello | [] [] [] [] | help2man | [] [] | hylafax | [] | idutils | [] [] [] [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | [] [] [] [] | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] () [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | [] [] [] | iso_4217 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_639_3 | [] [] | jwhois | [] [] [] [] | kbd | [] [] [] | keytouch | [] [] [] | keytouch-editor | [] [] [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] [] [] | klavaro | [] [] | latrine | [] [] | ld | | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | libc | [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] [] () [] | libextractor | | libgnutls | [] [] | libgpewidget | [] [] [] | libgpg-error | [] [] | libgphoto2 | [] [] | libgphoto2_port | [] [] [] [] [] | libgsasl | [] [] [] [] [] | libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] | libidn | [] [] | lifelines | [] [] | liferea | [] [] [] [] [] () () [] | lilypond | [] | linkdr | [] [] [] | lordsawar | | lprng | [] | lynx | [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | [] | mailutils | [] | make | [] [] [] [] | man-db | [] [] [] | man-db-manpages | [] [] [] | minicom | [] [] [] [] | mkisofs | [] [] [] | myserver | | nano | [] [] [] [] | opcodes | [] [] | parted | [] [] [] [] | pies | [] | popt | [] [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] [] | pspp | [] [] | pwdutils | [] | radius | [] [] [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | rosegarden | () () | rpm | [] [] [] | rush | [] [] | sarg | | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] | shishi | [] | skencil | [] [] | solfege | [] [] [] [] | solfege-manual | [] [] [] | soundtracker | [] | sp | | sysstat | [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] [] | tin | [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] [] | vice | [] | vmm | [] | vorbis-tools | [] [] | wastesedge | [] | wdiff | [] [] | wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | wyslij-po | [] [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | +---------------------------------------------------+ nl nn or pa pl ps pt pt_BR ro ru rw sk sl sq sr 135 10 4 7 105 1 29 62 47 91 3 54 46 9 37 sv sw ta te tg th tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_HK zh_TW +---------------------------------------------------+ a2ps | [] [] [] [] [] | 27 aegis | [] | 9 ant-phone | [] [] [] [] | 9 anubis | [] [] [] [] | 15 aspell | [] [] [] | 20 bash | [] [] [] | 12 bfd | [] | 6 bibshelf | [] [] [] | 16 binutils | [] [] | 8 bison | [] [] | 12 bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 29 bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 37 bombono-dvd | [] | 4 buzztard | [] | 7 cflow | [] [] [] | 9 clisp | | 10 coreutils | [] [] [] [] | 22 cpio | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 13 cppi | [] [] | 5 cpplib | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 14 cryptsetup | [] [] | 7 dfarc | [] | 9 dialog | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 30 dico | [] | 2 diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 30 dink | | 4 doodle | [] [] | 7 e2fsprogs | [] [] [] | 11 enscript | [] [] [] [] | 17 exif | [] [] [] | 16 fetchmail | [] [] [] | 17 findutils | [] [] [] [] [] | 20 flex | [] [] [] [] | 15 freedink | [] | 10 gas | [] | 4 gawk | [] [] [] [] | 18 gcal | [] [] | 5 gcc | [] [] [] | 7 gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 34 gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 29 gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 22 gip | [] [] [] [] | 22 gjay | [] | 3 gliv | [] [] [] | 14 glunarclock | [] [] [] [] [] | 19 gnubiff | [] [] | 4 gnucash | () [] () [] () | 10 gnuedu | [] [] | 7 gnulib | [] [] [] [] | 16 gnunet | [] | 1 gnunet-gtk | [] [] [] | 5 gnutls | [] [] [] | 10 gold | [] | 4 gpe-aerial | [] [] [] | 18 gpe-beam | [] [] [] | 19 gpe-bluetooth | [] [] [] | 13 gpe-calendar | [] [] [] [] | 12 gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] [] | 28 gpe-conf | [] [] [] [] | 20 gpe-contacts | [] [] [] | 17 gpe-edit | [] [] [] | 12 gpe-filemanager | [] [] [] [] | 16 gpe-go | [] [] [] [] [] | 25 gpe-login | [] [] [] | 11 gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] [] | 25 gpe-package | [] [] [] | 13 gpe-sketchbook | [] [] [] | 20 gpe-su | [] [] [] [] [] | 30 gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] [] | 29 gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] [] | 25 gpe-today | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 30 gpe-todo | [] [] [] [] | 17 gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] [] | 24 gprof | [] [] [] | 15 gpsdrive | [] [] [] | 11 gramadoir | [] [] [] | 11 grep | [] [] [] | 10 grub | [] [] [] | 14 gsasl | [] [] [] [] | 14 gss | [] [] [] | 11 gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] | 26 gst-plugins-base | [] [] [] [] [] | 24 gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] | 24 gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] [] | 29 gstreamer | [] [] [] [] | 22 gtick | [] [] [] | 13 gtkam | [] [] [] | 20 gtkorphan | [] [] [] | 14 gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 45 gutenprint | [] | 10 hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 21 help2man | [] [] | 7 hylafax | [] | 5 idutils | [] [] [] [] | 17 indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 30 iso_15924 | () [] () [] [] | 16 iso_3166 | [] [] () [] [] () [] [] [] () | 53 iso_3166_2 | () [] () [] | 9 iso_4217 | [] () [] [] () [] [] | 26 iso_639 | [] [] [] () [] () [] [] [] [] | 38 iso_639_3 | [] () | 8 jwhois | [] [] [] [] [] | 16 kbd | [] [] [] [] [] | 15 keytouch | [] [] [] | 16 keytouch-editor | [] [] [] | 14 keytouch-keyboa... | [] [] [] | 14 klavaro | [] | 11 latrine | [] [] [] | 10 ld | [] [] [] [] | 11 leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 33 libc | [] [] [] [] [] | 21 libexif | [] () | 7 libextractor | [] | 1 libgnutls | [] [] [] | 9 libgpewidget | [] [] [] | 14 libgpg-error | [] [] [] | 9 libgphoto2 | [] [] | 8 libgphoto2_port | [] [] [] [] | 14 libgsasl | [] [] [] | 13 libiconv | [] [] [] [] | 21 libidn | () [] [] | 11 lifelines | [] | 4 liferea | [] [] [] | 21 lilypond | [] | 7 linkdr | [] [] [] [] [] | 17 lordsawar | | 1 lprng | [] | 3 lynx | [] [] [] [] | 17 m4 | [] [] [] [] | 19 mailfromd | [] [] | 3 mailutils | [] | 5 make | [] [] [] [] | 21 man-db | [] [] [] | 8 man-db-manpages | | 4 minicom | [] [] | 16 mkisofs | [] [] | 9 myserver | | 0 nano | [] [] [] [] | 21 opcodes | [] [] [] | 11 parted | [] [] [] [] [] | 15 pies | [] [] | 3 popt | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 27 psmisc | [] [] | 11 pspp | | 4 pwdutils | [] [] | 6 radius | [] [] | 9 recode | [] [] [] [] | 28 rosegarden | () | 0 rpm | [] [] [] | 11 rush | [] [] | 4 sarg | | 1 screem | [] | 3 scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] [] | 27 sed | [] [] [] [] [] | 30 sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] | 22 shishi | [] | 3 skencil | [] [] | 7 solfege | [] [] [] [] | 16 solfege-manual | [] | 8 soundtracker | [] [] [] | 9 sp | [] | 3 sysstat | [] [] | 15 tar | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 23 texinfo | [] [] [] [] [] | 17 tin | | 4 unicode-han-tra... | | 0 unicode-transla... | | 2 util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] | 20 vice | () () | 1 vmm | [] | 4 vorbis-tools | [] | 6 wastesedge | | 2 wdiff | [] [] | 7 wget | [] [] [] [] [] | 26 wyslij-po | [] [] | 8 xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 36 xdg-user-dirs | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 63 xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | 22 +---------------------------------------------------+ 85 teams sv sw ta te tg th tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_HK zh_TW 178 domains 119 1 3 3 0 10 65 51 155 17 98 7 41 2618 Some counters in the preceding matrix are higher than the number of visible blocks let us expect. This is because a few extra PO files are used for implementing regional variants of languages, or language dialects. For a PO file in the matrix above to be effective, the package to which it applies should also have been internationalized and distributed as such by its maintainer. There might be an observable lag between the mere existence a PO file and its wide availability in a distribution. If June 2010 seems to be old, you may fetch a more recent copy of this `ABOUT-NLS' file on most GNU archive sites. The most up-to-date matrix with full percentage details can be found at `http://translationproject.org/extra/matrix.html'. 1.5 Using `gettext' in new packages =================================== If you are writing a freely available program and want to internationalize it you are welcome to use GNU `gettext' in your package. Of course you have to respect the GNU Library General Public License which covers the use of the GNU `gettext' library. This means in particular that even non-free programs can use `libintl' as a shared library, whereas only free software can use `libintl' as a static library or use modified versions of `libintl'. Once the sources are changed appropriately and the setup can handle the use of `gettext' the only thing missing are the translations. The Free Translation Project is also available for packages which are not developed inside the GNU project. Therefore the information given above applies also for every other Free Software Project. Contact `coordinator@translationproject.org' to make the `.pot' files available to the translation teams. PKs1]|wfKKCOPYINGnu[PKV@2]r" AATHANKSnu[PKV@2]휯**MREADMEnu[PKV@2]dIBxTODOnu[PKV@2]1MG"U,U,gNEWSnu[PKV@2]XΑ[n[n ABOUT-NLSnu[PK-